beta-alanine
3-氨基丙酸 3-aminopropanoic acid

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  7148 b-丙氨酸 7148 B-alanine

Name: 3-氨基丙酸 3-aminopropanoic acid CAS号 CAS Number: 107-95-9 3D/INCHI 其他 Other: 87867-95-6 ECHA EINECS - REACH 预注册 Pre-Reg: 203-536-5 FDA UNII: 11P2JDE17B nikkaji网站 Nikkaji Web: J4.070C 贝尔斯坦数 Beilstein Number: 0906793 MDL : mfcd00008200 MFCD00008200 代号 CoE Number: 11729 XlogP3: -3.00（est） -3.00 (est) 分子量 Molecular Weight: 89.09419000 式 Formula: c3 h7 n o2 C3 H7 N O2 生物活性总结 BioActivity Summary: 清单 listing 核磁共振预测器 NMR Predictor: 预测（适用于Chrome或Firefox） Predict (works with chrome or firefox) 类别 Category:flavoring agents and adjuvants, curing and pickling agents, flavor enhancers   美国 US/欧盟 EU/ fda / jecfa / fema / Flavis / 文献 Scholar /专利 Patent : 谷歌学术 Google Scholar: 搜索 Search 谷歌书 Google Books: 搜索 Search 谷歌学术 Google Scholar: with word "volatile" 搜索 Search 谷歌学术 Google Scholar: with word "flavor" 搜索 Search 谷歌学术 Google Scholar: with word "odor" 搜索 Search 调香师和调味师 Perfumer and Flavorist: 搜索 Search 谷歌专利 Google Patents: 搜索 Search 美国专利 US Patents: 搜索 Search 欧盟专利 EU Patents: 搜索 Search pubchem专利 Pubchem Patents: 搜索 Search 已发布 PubMed: 搜索 Search NCBI: 搜索 Search jecfa食品调味料 JECFA Food Flavoring: 1418β-丙氨酸 1418 beta-alanine Flavis号码 FLAVIS Number: 17.001（旧） 17.001 (Old) dg sante食品调味料 DG SANTE Food Flavourings: 17.001β-丙氨酸 17.001 beta-alanine fema号 FEMA Number: 3252 beta-alanine 自由贸易区 FDA: 不再提供这七种合成调味剂的使用 No longer provide for the use of these seven synthetic flavoring substances fda mainterm（satf） FDA Mainterm (SATF): 107-95-9 ; β-丙氨酸 beta BETA-ALANINE   物理性质 Physical Properties: 出现 Appearance: 无色结晶针（est） colorless crystalline needles (est) 化验 Assay: 97.00至100.00 97.00 to 100.00 食品化学品法典列表 Food Chemicals Codex Listed: No 熔点 Melting Point: 200.00 to 207.00 °C. @ 760.00 mm 汞 Hg 沸点 Boiling Point: 237.00 to 238.00 °C. @ 760.00 mm 汞 Hg (est) ph值 PH Number: 7.00 蒸汽压力 Vapor Pressure: 0.016000 毫米汞柱 mm汞 Hg @ 25.00 °C. (est) 闪点 Flash Point: > 230.00° tcc（> 110.00°c。） > 230.00 °F. TCC ( > 110.00 °C. ) logp（o / w） logP (o/w): -0.882（est） -0.882 (est) 溶于 Soluble in:   alcohol, 略 slightly   水 water, 5.45e + 05 mg / l @ 25°C（实验） 5.45E+05 mg/L @ 25 °C (exp) 不溶于 Insoluble in:   ether   acetone 类似物品 Similar Items:note dextro,丙氨酸 laevo-alanine 丙氨酸 laevo-alanine   感官特性 Organoleptic Properties: 气味类型 Odor Type: odorless 气味强度 Odor Strength:没有 none 气味描述 Odor Description:at 100.00 %. odorless 风味类型 Flavor Type: sweet sweet 口味描述 Taste Description: 略带甜味 slightly sweet taste 来自其他 的气味和/或风味描述（如果找到）。 Odor and/or flavor descriptions from others (if found).   化妆品信息 Cosmetic Information: CosIng: 化妆品数据 cosmetic data 化妆品用途 Cosmetic Uses: 湿润剂 humectants   供应商 Suppliers: a.m.g.l.t. A.M.G.L.T. beta-Alanine 乙酰苯 Aceto 丙氨酸 laevo-alanine 安徽海北 Anhui Haibei 丙氨酸 laevo-alanine 大西洋化学品 Atlantic Chemicals Beta-Alanine bbfy工业 BBFY Industrial beta-Alanine BOC Sciences 仅供实验/研究使用。 For experimental / research use only. beta-Alanine Charkit Chemical ALANINE, b- B- 乔治·乌赫公司 George Uhe Company 丙氨酸 laevo-alanine Glentham Life Sciences beta-Alanine sds 格雷厄姆化学 Graham Chemical beta-Alanine Penta International β丙氨酸 BETA ALANINE 普里诺娃 Prinova beta-Alanine risun成分 Risun Ingredients β-丙氨酸 beta-Alanine AJI sarchem实验室 Sarchem Laboratories 仅供实验/研究使用。 For experimental / research use only. beta-Alanine Sigma-Aldrich 丙氨酸 laevo-alanine, ≥98%, fg FG sds 气味 Odor: 果味甜 fruity; sweet 认证食品级产品 Certified Food Grade Products TCI AMERICA 仅供实验/研究使用。 For experimental / research use only. β-丙氨酸> 99.0％（t） beta-Alanine >99.0%(T) United International 丙氨酸 laevo-alanine   安全信息 Safety Information: 首选SDS Preferred SDS: 视图 View 欧洲信息 European information : 最重要的危害 Most important hazard(s): 无-找不到。 None - None found. S 02 - 保持 Keep out of the 达到 reach of 孩子们 children. S 24/25 - 避免 Avoid contact with skin 皮 and 眼睛 eyes.   危害识别 Hazards identification   物质或混合物的分类 Classification of the substance or mixture 根据29 cfr 1910（osha hcs）进行ghs分类 GHS Classification in accordance with 29 CFR 1910 (OSHA HCS) 没有找到。 None found. ghs标签元素 GHS Label elements, 包括预防性声明 including precautionary statements   象形图 Pictogram   危险说明 Hazard statement(s) 没有找到。 None found. 防范说明 Precautionary statement(s) 没有找到。 None found. 口服/肠胃外毒性 Oral/Parenteral Toxicity: 未定 Not determined 皮肤毒性 Dermal Toxicity: 未定 Not determined 吸入毒性 Inhalation Toxicity: 未定 Not determined   使用安全信息 Safety in Use Information: 类别 Category: flavoring agents and adjuvants, curing and pickling agents, flavor enhancers 推荐的β-丙氨酸使用水平 Recommendation for beta-alanine usage levels up to:   不用于香水。 not for fragrance use.   最大化源自调查的每日摄入量（msdi-eu） Maximised Survey-derived Daily Intakes (MSDI-EU): 360.00（微克/ 均/天） 360.00 (μg/capita/day) 最大化源自调查的每日摄入量（msdi-usa） Maximised Survey-derived Daily Intakes (MSDI-USA): 13.00（微克/ 均/天） 13.00 (μg/capita/day) 结构类 Structure Class: I 采用 Use 等级 levels for FEMA GRAS flavoring 物质 substances on which the FEMA 专家 Expert 面板 Panel 基于 based its 判断 judgments that the 物质 substances are 通常 基因 generally 公认的 recognized as safe (GRAS). The 专家 Expert 面板 Panel 也 also 发表 publishes 分离 separate 广泛 extensive 评论 评论 reviews of scientific information on all FEMA GRAS flavoring 物质 substances and can be 发现 found at FEMA 味道 Flavor Ingredient 图书馆 Library 出版编号 publication number: 5 点击这里查看出版物5 Click here to view publication 5   平均 average 通常 usual 百万分之几 ppm 平均 average 最大 最高 maximum 百万分之几 ppm 焙烤食品 baked goods: - 10.00000 饮料（不含醇） beverages(nonalcoholic): - 10.00000 醇饮料 beverages(alcoholic): - - 早餐麦片 breakfast cereal: - 10.00000 起司 cheese: - - 口香糖 chewing gum: - - 调味品/调味品 condiments / relishes: - 10.00000 糖果烧烤 confectionery froastings: - - 蛋制品 egg products: - - 脂肪/油 fats / oils: - - 鱼产品 fish products: - - 冷冻乳制品 frozen dairy: - - 水果冰 fruit ices: - - 明胶/布丁 gelatins / puddings: - - 砂糖 granulated sugar: - - 肉汁 gravies: - 10.00000 硬糖 hard candy: - - 仿乳制品 imitation dairy: - - 速溶咖啡/茶 instant coffee / tea: - - 果酱/果冻 jams / jellies: - - 肉制品 meat products: - 10.00000 奶制品 milk products: - 10.00000 坚果产品 nut products: - - 其他谷物 other grains: - - 家禽 poultry: - - 加工水果 processed fruits: - - 加工蔬菜 processed vegetables: - - 重构蔬菜 reconstituted vegetables: - - 调味料 seasonings / flavors: - - 休闲食品 snack foods: - - 软糖 soft candy: - - 汤类 soups: - 10.00000 糖替代品 sugar substitutes: - - 甜酱 sweet sauces: - -   安全参考 Safety references: 欧洲食品安全法规（efsa） European Food Safety Athority(efsa):风味使用水平；亚急性 Flavor usage levels; Subacute, 亚慢性 Subchronic, 慢性和致癌性研究；发育/ 毒性研究；遗传毒性研究... Chronic and Carcinogenicity Studies; Developmental / Reproductive Toxicity Studies; Genotoxicity Studies... 欧洲食品安全局（efsa EFSA）参考 : 化学组中的氨基酸34调味组评估26 Amino acids from chemical group 34 Flavouring Group Evaluation 26, 修订1-食品添加剂小组的科学意见 Revision 1 - Scientific opinion of the Panel on Food Additives, 调味料 seasonings / flavors, 处理中 Processing 艾滋病 Aids and 材料 Materials in contact with Food (AFC) 视图 View page or 视图 View pdf 调味组评估29（fge29）[1]-优先列表中的物质 Flavouring Group Evaluation 29 (FGE29)[1] - Substance from the priority list: 化学组31中的乙烯基苯-食品添加剂专家组的科学意见 Vinylbenzene from chemical group 31 - Scientific Opinion of the Panel on Food Additives, 调味料 seasonings / flavors, 处理中 Processing 艾滋病 Aids and 材料 Materials in 联系 Contact with Food (AFC) 视图 View page or 视图 View pdf 调味组评估79 Flavouring Group Evaluation 79, (fg FGE.79)[1] - 考虑 Consideration of amino acids and 有关 related 物质 substances 已评估 evaluated by by Jec ECF A FA (63rd 会议 遇到 meeting) 结构上 structurally 有关 related to amino acids from chemical group 34 已评估 evaluated by by efsa EFSA in fg FGE.26Rev1 (2008) 视图 View page or 视图 View pdf efsa EFSA关于授权酸盐风险评估的科学报告 , 酚类 phenols or alcohols for use in food contact 材料 materials [1] 视图 View page or 视图 View pdf 关于调味剂组评估的科学意见96（fge.96） Scientific Opinion on Flavouring Group Evaluation 96 (FGE.96): 核酸酶p1富集和32p后标记分析后，检测经n-羟基-4-氨基联苯处理的 尿道上皮细胞dna中的脱氧腺苷-4-氨基联苯加合物。 Consideration of 88 flavouring substances considered by EFSA for which EU production volumes / anticipated production volumes have been submitted on request by DG SANCO. Addendum to FGE. 51, 52, 53, 54, 56, 58, 61, 62, 63, 64, 68, 69, 70, 71, 73, 76, 77, 79, 80, 83, 84, 85 and 87. 视图 View page or 视图 View pdf 科学的 Scientific 意见 Opinion on the safety and 功效 efficacy of the use of amino acids (chemical group 34) 什么时候 when 用过的 used as 调味料 flavourings for all animal 种类 species 视图 View page or 视图 View pdf 关于证实与β-丙氨酸有关的健康主张以及短期内身体机能提高的科学见解 Scientific Opinion on the substantiation of a health claim related to beta-alanine and increase in physical performance during short-duration, 高强度 高 high-intensity 行使 exercise 根据 pursuant to Article 13(5) of 规 Regulation (ec EC) No 1924/2006 视图 View page or 视图 View pdf 对efsa EFSA饮食产品小组的科学意见的评论的回应 , 营养和过敏（nda）有关与β-丙氨酸有关的健康主张的科学依据，以及短期内身体机能的提高 Nutrition and Allergies (NDA) on the scientific substantiation of a health claim related to beta-alanine and increased physical performance during short-duration, 高强度 高 high-intensity 行使 exercise 根据 pursuant to Article 13(5) of 规 Regulation (ec EC) No 1924/2006 视图 View page or 视图 View pdf 调味品组评价的科学见解49 Scientific Opinion on Flavouring Group Evaluation 49, 版本1（fge.49rev1） Revision 1 (FGE.49Rev1): 黄嘌呤 xanthine 生物碱 alkaloids from the 优先 priority list 视图 View page or 视图 View pdf Epi系统 EPI System: 视图 View 临床 Clinicaltrials.gov :search 辅助引文 AIDS Citations:搜索 Search 癌症引文 Cancer Citations:搜索 Search 毒理学引文 Toxicology Citations:搜索 Search 环境诱变信息中央 Env. Mutagen Info. Center:搜索 Search 橙花发育和 毒性 NLM Developmental and Reproductive Toxicity:搜索 Search EPA物质注册服务（tsca TSCA） :107-95-9 EPA ACToR:毒理学资料 Toxicology Data EPA物质注册服务（SRS） :注册表 Registry 实验室化学安全摘要 Laboratory Chemical Safety Summary :239 国家过敏和传染病研究所 National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases:Data 德国wgk WGK Germany:1 3-氨基丙酸 3-aminopropanoic acid chemidplus Chemidplus:0000107959   参考资料 References:   3-氨基丙酸 3-aminopropanoic acid NIST化学网络书籍 NIST Chemistry WebBook: 搜索INCHI 加拿大国内分公司。清单 Canada Domestic Sub. List: 107-95-9 pubchem（cid） Pubchem (cid): 239 pubchem（sid） Pubchem (sid): 134972742   其他资料 Other Information: （iupac） (IUPAC): 元素的原子量2009 Atomic Weights of the Elements 2009 （iupac） (IUPAC): 元素的原子量2009（pdf） Atomic Weights of the Elements 2009 (pdf) 影片 Videos: 元素周期表 The Periodic Table of Videos RBC : 本网站使用的原子量 Atomic Weights use for this web site （iupac） (IUPAC): 元素周期表 Periodic Table of the Elements 食品中添加的fda物质（以前为af） FDA Substances Added to Food (formerly EAFUS): 视图 View CHEBI: 视图 View CHEMBL: 视图 View 格尔姆代谢组数据库 Golm Metabolome Database: 搜索 Search 代谢组学数据库 Metabolomics Database: 搜索 Search KEGG (GenomeNet): C00099 hmdb（人类代谢组数据库） HMDB (The Human Metabolome Database): HMDB00056 食物 FooDB: FDB002253 ymdb（酵母代谢组数据库） YMDB (Yeast Metabolome Database): YMDB00195 出口关税代码 Export Tariff Code: 2922.49.4010 fda食品添加剂状况清单 FDA Listing of Food Additive Status: 视图 View vcf在线 VCF-Online: 食品中的挥发性有机化合物 VCF Volatile Compounds in Food 化学蜘蛛 ChemSpider: 视图 View 维基百科 Wikipedia: 视图 View rsc学习化学 RSC Learn Chemistry: 视图 View   潜在搅拌机 Potential Blenders and core components note 没找到 None Found   潜在用途 Potential Uses:   甜味剂 sweetening agents   存在（自然 Occurrence (nature, food, 其他） other):note   氨基酸;肌肽 amino acids; carnosine, Auserine auserine, pantothenic acid 搜索 Search pmc PMC Picture   苹果果实 apple fruit 搜索 Search Trop Picture   樱桃酸樱桃果 cherry sour cherry fruit 搜索 Search Trop Picture   黑醋栗醋栗果汁 currant black currant fruit juice 搜索 Search Trop Picture   鸢尾 iris tingitana 搜索 Search Trop Picture   瓜苦瓜果 melon bitter melon fruit 搜索 Search Trop Picture   番茄果实 tomato fruit 搜索 Search Trop Picture   同义词 Synonyms:   abufene b- alanine   alanine, beta 3- amino-propanoic acid 3- aminopropanoic acid b- aminopropanoic acid 3- aminopropionic acid beta- aminopropionic acid 3- aminopropionsaeure   bala BALA   propanoic acid, 3-氨基 3-amino-   文章 Articles: 已发布 PubMed:补充六周多成分性能补充剂和抵抗训练对合成代谢激素的影响 The effects of six weeks of supplementation with multi-ingredient performance supplements and resistance training on anabolic hormones, 身体构成 body composition, strength, 和受过抵抗训练的男 的力量。 and power in resistance-trained men. 已发布 PubMed:γ-谷氨酰胺肽的分子和感官表征是食用豆（菜豆）口感的主要促成因素。 Molecular and sensory characterization of gamma-glutamyl peptides as key contributors to the kokumi taste of edible beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). 已发布 PubMed:磷酸根和羧酸根离子在美拉德褐变中的作用 Role of phosphate and carboxylate ions in maillard browning. 已发布 PubMed:亚分​​钟毛细管区带电泳法测定婴儿食品中硝酸盐和亚硝酸盐的方法开发和验证。 Development and validation of a sub-minute capillary zone electrophoresis method for determination of nitrate and nitrite in baby foods. 已发布 PubMed:A 比较 comparison of 结果 results of the US food and 药品 drug 管理 administration's 迷你哨兵 mini-sentinel 程序 program with 随机的 randomized clinical trials: 达比加群胃肠道出血的情况。 the case of gastrointestinal tract bleeding with dabigatran. 已发布 PubMed:新型抗凝剂的优点和局限性。 Advantages and limitations of the new anticoagulants. 已发布 PubMed:xpand®2x锻炼前补充8周对骨骼肌肥大的影响 Effects of 8 weeks of Xpand® 2X pre workout supplementation on skeletal muscle hypertrophy, 瘦体重 lean body mass, 和抵抗力训练的男性的力量。 and strength in resistance trained males. 已发布 PubMed:假单胞菌vlp和水假单胞菌vlp分离物（haptophyta）之间甜菜碱脂质和脂肪酸差异。 Differences in betaine lipids and fatty acids between Pseudoisochrysis paradoxa VLP and Diacronema vlkianum VLP isolates (Haptophyta). 已发布 PubMed:骨科手术后用于预防血栓形成的新型口服抗凝剂。 Novel oral anticoagulants for thromboprophylaxis after orthopaedic surgery. 已发布 PubMed:药物流行病学在帮助临床医生评估药物风险方面的前景。 The promise of pharmacoepidemiology in helping clinicians assess drug risk. 已发布 PubMed:新型口服抗凝药 Novel oral anticoagulants: 对新代理商的审查。 a review of new agents. 已发布 PubMed:自发报告系统中的达比加群酯-ronedarone相互作用。 Dabigatran-dronedarone interaction in a spontaneous reporting system. 已发布 PubMed:达比加群和肾脏疾病 Dabigatran and kidney disease: 一个不好的组合。 a bad combination. 已发布 PubMed:与华法林相比，在房颤中平衡2剂量达比加群的获益和风险。 Balancing the benefits and risks of 2 doses of dabigatran compared with warfarin in atrial fibrillation. 已发布 PubMed:植酸对美拉德反应和丙烯酰胺形成的影响。 The effects of phytic acid on the Maillard reaction and the formation of acrylamide. 已发布 PubMed:苏铁及其与某些橙花退行性疾病的关系。 Cycads and their association with certain neurodegenerative diseases. 已发布 PubMed:达比加群去除体外疗法治疗急性出血 Extracorporeal therapy for dabigatran removal in the treatment of acute bleeding: 单中心体验。 a single center experience. 已发布 PubMed:新型口服抗凝剂在临床上的应用。 The new oral anticoagulants in clinical practice. 已发布 PubMed:[直接口服凝血酶抑制剂 [Direct oral thrombin inhibitor, "dabigatran dabigatran"]. 已发布 PubMed:新型口服抗凝药 Novel oral anticoagulants: 临床药理学 clinical pharmacology, 适应症和实际考虑。 indications and practical considerations. 已发布 PubMed:栽培植物对栽培花蓟马抗性的生态代谢研究 An eco-metabolomic study of host plant resistance to Western flower thrips in cultivated, 生物强化和野胡萝卜。 biofortified and wild carrots. 已发布 PubMed:走向更理想的抗凝剂 Moving toward a more ideal anticoagulant: 口服直接凝血酶和a Xa因子抑制剂。 已发布 PubMed:答复。 The reply. 已发布 PubMed:达比加群 Dabigatran: 肾脏病的出路。 a nephrological way out. 已发布 PubMed: 盐渍和干燥金枪鱼（金枪鱼 Thunnus thynnus l。）卵中的脂质成分和水溶性代谢物。 已发布 PubMed:达比加群和上市后出血的报道。 Dabigatran and postmarketing reports of bleeding. 已发布 PubMed:房颤口服抗凝的新时代 A new era of oral anticoagulation in atrial fibrillation: 在临床实践中的意义。 implications in clinical practice. 已发布 PubMed:心房颤动患者抗栓治疗的最新进展。 Recent advances in antithrombotic therapy for stroke prevention in patients with atrial fibrillation. 已发布 PubMed:房颤患者预防中风的新型口服抗凝药。 Novel oral anticoagulants for stroke prevention in patients with atrial fibrillation. 已发布 PubMed:预防心房颤动的新型口服抗凝药 Novel oral anticoagulants for stroke prevention in patients with atrial fibrillation: 新时代的到来。 dawn of a new era. 已发布 PubMed:对最近批准的华法林抗凝替代品的审查，以用于急诊医生。 Review of recently approved alternatives to anticoagulation with warfarin for emergency clinicians. 已发布 PubMed:基础瘦素调节极化的caco-2细胞中的氨基酸摄取。 Basal leptin regulates amino acid uptake in polarized Caco-2 cells. 已发布 PubMed:达比加群故意过量后的阳性结果。 Positive outcome after intentional overdose of dabigatran. 已发布 PubMed:比较新的抗凝剂。 Comparing new anticoagulants. 已发布 PubMed:补充六周多成分性能补充剂和抵抗训练对合成代谢激素的影响 The effects of six weeks of supplementation with multi-ingredient performance supplements and resistance training on anabolic hormones, 身体构成 body composition, strength, 和受过抵抗训练的男 的力量。 and power in resistance-trained men. 已发布 PubMed:[关于新型抗凝剂的实验室诊断-监测和对凝血试验的影响]。 [Laboratory diagnostic with regard to new anticoagulants - monitoring and influence on coagulation tests]. 已发布 PubMed:达比加群与华法林比较预防房颤的中风 Dabigatran compared with warfarin for stroke prevention with atrial fibrillation: 在香港的经验。 experience in Hong Kong. 已发布 PubMed:服用β-丙氨酸六周对最大vo（2）的影响 Effects of Six Weeks of β-alanine Administration on VO(2) max, 体育学生的精疲力竭时间和乳酸浓度。 Time to Exhaustion and Lactate Concentrations in Physical Education Students. 已发布 PubMed:创新的安全隐患 The safety risks of innovation: the 自由贸易区 FDA's 加急 Expedited 药品 Drug 发展 Development 通路 Path道路 way. 已发布 PubMed:[新型抗凝剂-它们在中风后血栓栓塞的二级预防中的作用]。 [The new anticoagulants - their role in secondary prevention of thromboembolism after stroke]. 已发布 PubMed:[新型抗凝剂的临床管理]。 [Clinical management of the new anticoagulants]. 已发布 PubMed:抗凝并发症。 Complications of anticoagulation. 已发布 PubMed:单次达比加群治疗后会导致致命的胃肠道出血。 Fatal gastrointestinal hemorrhage after a single dose of dabigatran. 已发布 PubMed:含有l-肌肽的肽两亲物及其与多层囊泡形成脂质的混合物的自组装。 Self-assembly of a peptide amphiphile containing L-carnosine and its mixtures with a multilamellar vesicle forming lipid. 已发布 PubMed:达比加群使用会导致心包和心包填塞。 Hemopericardium and cardiac tamponade associated with dabigatran use. 已发布 PubMed:达比加群预防老年 血栓栓塞并发症 Dabigatran for the prevention of thromboembolic complications in the elderly: 华法林的可靠替代品？ a RE-LY-able alternative to warfarin? 已发布 PubMed:服用达比加群的患者经静脉组织纤溶酶原激活剂治疗后的急性缺血性中风，并有放射学证据表明可再次通气。 Acute ischemic stroke treated with intravenous tissue plasminogen activator in a patient taking dabigatran with radiographic evidence of recanalization. 已发布 PubMed:新型口服抗凝药 Novel oral anticoagulants: 他们会取代华法林吗？ will they replace warfarin? 已发布 PubMed:有...格雷戈里·嘴唇的观众。阿舍尔·穆拉德的采访。 An audience with... Gregory Lip. Interview by Asher Mullard. 已发布 PubMed:食品和药物管理局决定不批准110毫克剂量的达比加群 The Food and Drug Administration decision not to approve the 110 mg dose of dabigatran: 给我们一个出路。 give us a way out. 已发布 PubMed: 新型直接因子Iia和a Xa抑制剂 : 作用机理和临床前研究。 mechanisms of action and preclinical studies. 已发布 PubMed:达比加群 Dabigatran: 抗凝的新篇章。 a new chapter in anticoagulation. 已发布 PubMed:化学信息学鉴定新型抗结核分枝杆菌l-天冬氨酸α-脱羧酶抑制剂 Chemoinformatic identification of novel inhibitors against Mycobacterium tuberculosis L-aspartate α-decarboxylase. 已发布 PubMed:使用直接凝血酶抑制剂治疗脑静脉血栓形成。 Use of direct thrombin inhibitor for treatment of cerebral venous thrombosis. 已发布 PubMed:达比加群或华法林预防房颤的中风？仔细看看真实的审判。 Dabigatran or warfarin for the prevention of stroke in atrial fibrillation? A closer look at the RE-LY trial. 已发布 PubMed:改善静脉血栓栓塞的预防和治疗 Improving prevention and treatment of venous thromboembolism: 临床试验结果。 clinical trial results. 已发布 PubMed:新一代口服直接抗凝药。 A new generation of oral direct anticoagulants. 已发布 PubMed:瘦素调节 肠道细胞系caco-2中的糖和氨基酸转运。 Leptin regulates sugar and amino acids transport in the human intestinal cell line Caco-2. 已发布 PubMed:流动注射三重串联四极杆串联质谱法测定植物油中的非蛋白质氨基酸和甜菜碱 Determination of nonprotein amino acids and betaines in vegetable oils by flow injection triple-quadrupole tandem mass spectrometry: 一种检测橄榄油掺假的筛选方法。 a screening method for the detection of adulterations of olive oils. 已发布 PubMed:[新型抗凝药的药理学异质性]。 [Pharmacologic heterogeneity of new anticoagulants]. 已发布 PubMed:达比加群用于非瓣膜性房颤和肝素-pf4抗体的术后冠状动脉搭桥手术患者。 Dabigatran use in a postoperative coronary artery bypass surgery patient with nonvalvular atrial fibrillation and heparin-PF4 antibodies. 已发布 PubMed:达比加群（pradaxa）引发房颤后自发性脾出血。 Spontaneous splenic hemorrhage after initiation of dabigatran (Pradaxa) for atrial fibrillation. 已发布 PubMed:达比加群治疗的药理基础和临床证据。 Pharmacological basis and clinical evidence of dabigatran therapy. 已发布 PubMed:老年受试者（60-80岁）补充β-丙氨酸（carnosyn™） Beta-alanine (Carnosyn™) supplementation in elderly subjects (60-80 years): 对肌肉肌肽含量和身体机能的影响。 effects on muscle carnosine content and physical capacity. 已发布 PubMed:姜黄素在加热过程中对天冬酰胺转化为丙烯酰胺的作用 Role of curcumin in the conversion of asparagine into acrylamide during heating. 已发布 PubMed:[房颤抗凝治疗 [Anticoagulation in atrial fibrillation: 一个新时代已经开始]。 a new era has begun]. 已发布 PubMed:年龄相关性橙花变性的嗅觉功能障碍和认知障碍 Olfactory dysfunction and cognitive impairment in age-related neurodegeneration: 与患者选择有关的prevalence related to patient selection, 接受临床橙花病学和社区护理的老年客户的诊断标准和治疗方法。 diagnostic criteria and therapeutic treatment of aged clients receiving clinical neurology and community-based care. 已发布 PubMed:达比加群在严重肾功能不全患者中推导剂量的临床药理基础。 Clinical pharmacology basis of deriving dosing recommendations for dabigatran in patients with severe renal impairment. 已发布 PubMed:达比加群酯酯治疗严重肾功能不全的房颤患者 Dabigatran etexilate in atrial fibrillation patients with severe renal impairment: 使用药代动力学建模和模拟进行剂量识别。 dose identification using pharmacokinetic modeling and simulation. 已发布 PubMed:达比加群 Dabigatran: 这种新型口服抗凝药的药理学和出血并发症的处理方法综述。 review of pharmacology and management of bleeding complications of this novel oral anticoagulant. 已发布 PubMed:达比加群房颤 Dabigatran in atrial fibrillation: 药理和临床试验。 pharmacology and clinical trials. 已发布 PubMed:新型抗凝剂可预防房颤患者的中风。 New anticoagulants for prevention of stroke in patients with atrial fibrillation. 已发布 PubMed:新型口服抗凝药和门诊预防静脉血栓栓塞。 New oral anticoagulants and outpatient prophylaxis of venous thromboembolism. 已发布 PubMed:房颤预防中风的新选择。 New options for stroke prevention in atrial fibrillation. 已发布 PubMed:抗凝药物选择-为什么fda批准使用更高剂量但不能降低剂量的达比加群。 Anticoagulant options--why the FDA approved a higher but not a lower dose of dabigatran. 已发布 PubMed:达比加群在当代药物治疗中的位置。 Place of dabigatran in contemporary pharmacotherapy. 已发布 PubMed:新药为心房颤动提供了华法林替代方案。立即切换对某些 来说是正确的 New drug offers warfarin alternative for atrial fibrillation. An immediate switch is right for some people, 但并非所有 都必要。 but not necessary for all. 已发布 PubMed:芽对豌豆（山la豆）种子蛋白质分离物抗氧化和营养参数的影响。 The effect of germination on antioxidant and nutritional parameters of protein isolates from grass pea (Lathyrus sativus) seeds. 已发布 PubMed:通过掺入庞大的芳族取代基来调节生物活性二肽1-肌肽的自组装。 Tuning the self-assembly of the bioactive dipeptide L-carnosine by incorporation of a bulky aromatic substituent. 已发布 PubMed:南非专家评论了fda批准达比加群用于房颤。 South African experts comment on FDA approval of dabigatran in atrial fibrillation. 已发布 PubMed:达比加群已经成为安全有效的华法林替代品。最近批准的药物更贵 Dabigatran emerges as safe and effective warfarin alternative. The recently approved drug is more expensive, 但似乎更可预测。 but appears to be more predictable. 已发布 PubMed:心房颤动中风​​-希望在地平线上吗？ Stroke in atrial fibrillation--hope on the horizon? 已发布 PubMed:3-（烯丙基硫烷基）-2-氨基丙酸 3-(allyltrisulfanyl)-2-aminopropanoic acid, 大蒜中一种新型的非挥发性水溶性抗菌硫化合物。 a novel nonvolatile water-soluble antimicrobial sulfur compound in heated garlic. 已发布 PubMed:新出现的口服抗凝药的药物和饮食相互作用。 Drug and dietary interactions of the new and emerging oral anticoagulants. 已发布 PubMed:在模型系统中将3-氨基丙酰胺和3-烷基氨基丙酰胺转化为丙烯酰胺。 Conversion of 3-aminopropionamide and 3-alkylaminopropionamides into acrylamide in model systems. 已发布 PubMed:牛磺酸作用 The effect of taurine, 新型生化调节剂 a novel biochemical modulator, 对阿霉素的抗肿瘤活性。 on the antitumor activity of doxorubicin. 已发布 PubMed:柱后衍生等度反相离子对高效液相色谱荧光法测定 尿中的泛酸。 Fluorometric determination of pantothenic acid in human urine by isocratic reversed-phase ion-pair high-performance liquid chromatography with post-column derivatization. 已发布 PubMed:摄入牛肉后在血浆和尿液中分析组氨酸二肽 Profiling histidine dipeptides in plasma and urine after ingesting beef, 鸡或 类的鸡汤。 chicken or chicken broth in humans. 已发布 PubMed:摄入 体中的丝氨酸后，L-组氨酸相关化合物的肠道吸收和血液清除率与含丝氨酸饮食比较。 Intestinal absorption and blood clearance of L-histidine-related compounds after ingestion of anserine in humans and comparison to anserine-containing diets. 已发布 PubMed:s-1的药代动力学研究。 Pharmacokinetic study of S-1. 已发布 PubMed:氨基酸含量评估爱沙尼亚单花和多花蜂蜜的植物来源。 Evaluation of the botanical origin of estonian uni- and polyfloral honeys by amino acid content. 已发布 PubMed:毛细管等速电泳（citp）测定大豆食品样品中的总磷。 Determination of total phosphorus in soya food samples by capillary isotachophoresis (cITP). 已发布 PubMed:运动食品 Functional food for exercise performance: 事实还是敌 ？ fact or foe? 已发布 PubMed:在线分析鉴定和监测丙烯酰胺途径中的中间体和产物。 Identification and monitoring of intermediates and products in the acrylamide pathway using online analysis. 已发布 PubMed:咖啡烘焙过程中丙烯酰胺的测定。 Determination of acrylamide during roasting of coffee. 已发布 PubMed:补充肌酸可增加衰老加速小鼠（samp8）的骨骼肌肌肽含量。 Creatine supplementation augments skeletal muscle carnosine content in senescence-accelerated mice (SAMP8). 已发布 PubMed:γ-谷氨酰胺肽的分子和感官表征是食用豆（菜豆）口感的主要促成因素。 Molecular and sensory characterization of gamma-glutamyl peptides as key contributors to the kokumi taste of edible beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). 已发布 PubMed:吸入-哺乳动物（未指定物种）lc50 5000 mg / m3toksikologiya novykh promyshlennykh khimicheskikh veshchestv。新工业化学物质的毒理学。英文翻译 Influence of sulfur fertilization on the amounts of free amino acids in wheat. correlation with baking properties as well as with 3-aminopropionamide and acrylamide generation during baking. 已发布 PubMed:酸性毛细管电泳法提取和分离不同小麦品种中的水溶性蛋白 Extraction and separation of water-soluble proteins from different wheat species by acidic capillary electrophoresis. 已发布 PubMed:在室温下储存过程中蜂蜜中游离氨基酸含量的变化。 Changes in the free amino acid contents of honeys during storage at ambient temperature. 已发布 PubMed:三种重组乳球菌pepvs的酶底物识别的表征和动力学分析。 Characterization and kinetic analysis of enzyme-substrate recognition by three recombinant lactococcal PepVs. 已发布 PubMed:热生成的3-氨基丙酰胺作为丙烯酰胺形成过程中的过渡中间体。 Thermally generated 3-aminopropionamide as a transient intermediate in the formation of acrylamide. 已发布 PubMed:提取条件对模型系统和食品中丙烯酰胺含量的影响。 Impact of extraction conditions on the content of acrylamide in model systems and food. 已发布 PubMed:在线耦合毛细管等速电泳与毛细管区带电泳法测定多摩酸 Determination of domoic acid by on-line coupled capillary isotachophoresis with capillary zone electrophoresis. 已发布 PubMed:不同氨基酸形成丙烯酰胺的机械途径。 Mechanistic pathways of formation of acrylamide from different amino acids. 已发布 PubMed:橙花递质甘氨酸和gaba刺激胰高血糖素样肽1从谷氨酸细胞系中释放。 The neurotransmitters glycine and GABA stimulate glucagon-like peptide-1 release from the GLUTag cell line. 已发布 PubMed:肌酸在正甲基丙烯酰胺生成中的作用 The role of creatine in the generation of N-methylacrylamide: 煮熟的肉中有新的毒物。 a new toxicant in cooked meat. 已发布 PubMed:马铃薯中3-氨基丙酰胺的定量分析-丙烯酰胺形成中的微量但有效的前体 Quantitation of 3-aminopropionamide in potatoes-a minor but potent precursor in acrylamide formation. 已发布 PubMed:α-氟-β-丙氨酸（fbal）和氟乙酸（fa）对狗的橙花毒性作用。 Neurotoxic effects of alpha-fluoro-beta-alanine (FBAL) and fluoroacetic acid (FA) on dogs. 已发布 PubMed:肌肽及其成分对小鸡行为的影响 Effect of central administration of carnosine and its constituents on behaviors in chicks. 已发布 PubMed:磷酸根和羧酸根离子在美拉德褐变中的作用 Role of phosphate and carboxylate ions in maillard browning. 已发布 PubMed:毛细管等速电泳法测定烟草中的有机酸 Determination of organic acids in tobacco by capillary isotachophoresis. 已发布 PubMed:美拉德反应的电化学研究。 Electrochemical study of the Maillard reaction. 已发布 PubMed:嗜热芽孢杆菌ccrc11223的热稳定的正氨基甲酰基-1-氨基酸酰胺水解酶的鉴定和系统发育分析。 Characterization and phylogenetic analysis of a thermostable N-carbamoyl- l-amino acid amidohydrolase from Bacillus kaustophilus CCRC11223. 已发布 PubMed:克鲁维酵母作为酵母自溶物来源的评价。 Evaluation of Kluyveromyces marxianus as a source of yeast autolysates. 已发布 PubMed:罗伊氏乳杆菌丙氨酸消旋酶基因的特征 Characterization of an alanine racemase gene from Lactobacillus reuteri. 已发布 PubMed:甜菜碱或牛磺酸可减轻大鼠脂多糖诱导的肝毒性。 Attenuation of bacterial lipopolysaccharide-induced hepatotoxicity by betaine or taurine in rats. 已发布 PubMed:补充牛磺酸或牛磺酸缺乏的糖尿病大鼠胰腺β细胞中胰岛素的免疫组织化学定位。 Immunohistochemical localization of insulin in pancreatic beta-cells of taurine-supplemented or taurine-depleted diabetic rats. 已发布 PubMed:牛磺酸和β-丙氨酸对链脲佐菌素致大鼠胰腺形态变化的影响 Effect of taurine and beta-alanine on morphological changes of pancreas in streptozotocin-induced rats. 已发布 PubMed:肌肽在体外和体内抑制肌肉脂质和蛋白质氧化。 In vitro and in vivo inhibition of muscle lipid and protein oxidation by carnosine. 已发布 PubMed:紫胶操纵子的分子表征与调控 Molecular characterization and regulation of the aguBA operon, 负责铜绿假单胞菌pao1中的胍丁胺利用。 responsible for agmatine utilization in Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1. 已发布 PubMed:基质固相分散和液相色谱法测定橘子中的五种农药残留量，以估算消费者的每日摄入量。 Determination of five pesticide residues in oranges by matrix solid-phase dispersion and liquid chromatography to estimate daily intake of consumers. 已发布 PubMed:紫外检测在线耦合毛细管等速电泳-毛细管区带电泳法测定苹果汁中的富马酸 Determination of fumaric acid in apple juice by on-line coupled capillary isotachophoresis-capillary zone electrophoresis with UV detection. 已发布 PubMed:通过稳定的同位素稀释法定量分析食物和血浆中游离和结合的泛酸。 Quantification of free and bound pantothenic acid in foods and blood plasma by a stable isotope dilution assay. 已发布 PubMed:通过使用gc-ms和加尔维诺尔自由基对β-丙氨酸/糖混合物中的自由基产物进行评估 Evaluation of radical products from beta-alanine/sugar mixtures by use of GC-MS with the galvinoxyl radical. 已发布 PubMed:伏马菌素b1通过鞘氨醇积累和橙花酰胺耗竭诱导培养的 角质形成细胞凋亡。 Fumonisin B1 induces apoptosis in cultured human keratinocytes through sphinganine accumulation and ceramide depletion. 已发布 PubMed:糖和β-丙氨酸反应形成的挥发性成分作为饼干加工的模型系统。 Volatile components formed from reaction of sugar and beta-alanine as a model system of cookie processing. 已发布 PubMed:对癌症患者口服后卡培他滨及其代谢产物药代动力学的影响 Effect of food on the pharmacokinetics of capecitabine and its metabolites following oral administration in cancer patients. 已发布 PubMed:日粮中β-丙氨酸和组氨酸对猪肉氧化稳定性的影响 Influence of dietary β-alanine and histidine on the oxidative stability of pork. 已发布 PubMed:非肽糖蛋白iib / iiia抑制剂。 8. L-734的抗血小板活性和口服抗血栓形成功效 Nonpeptide glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitors. 8. Antiplatelet activity and oral antithrombotic efficacy of L-734,217. 已发布 PubMed:β-丙氨酸可保护牛磺酸和Nacl诱导的大鼠高钠血症。 beta-Alanine protects against taurine and NaCl--induced hypernatremia in the rat. 已发布 PubMed:β-丙氨酸消除猫牛磺酸水平并限制饮食牛磺酸。 Depletion of feline taurine levels by beta-alanine and dietary taurine restriction. 已发布 PubMed:食用种子的快速气相色谱筛选 Rapid gas chromatographic screening of edible seeds, 坚果和豆类用于非蛋白质和蛋白质氨基酸。 nuts and beans for non-protein and protein amino acids. 已发布 PubMed:分析生咖啡豆中的游离氨基酸。1、 9-芴基甲基氯甲酸酯在柱前衍生化后测定氨基酸。 Analysis of free amino acids in green coffee beans. I. Determination of amino acids after precolumn derivatization using 9-fluorenylmethylchloroformate. 已发布 PubMed: 红细胞在西 西方 Western印迹上检测凝集素活性。 已发布 PubMed:食品中的兴奋毒素。 Excitotoxins in foods. 已发布 PubMed:β-丙氨酸处理减少大鼠牛磺酸可增加四氯化碳的毒性。 Reduction of liver taurine in rats by beta-alanine treatment increases carbon tetrachloride toxicity. 已发布 PubMed:酪蛋白和大豆粉蛋白对实验动物肝脏中氨基酸含量的影响。 Influence of casein and soy flour proteins on aminoacid content in the liver of experimental animals. 已发布 PubMed:胚胎小鸡脊髓的兴奋性毒性。 Excitotoxicity in the embryonic chick spinal cord. 已发布 PubMed:β-丙氨酸在肠刷状边界膜囊泡中的上坡运输。 Uphill transport of beta-alanine in intestinal brush-border membrane vesicles. 已发布 PubMed:老化果蝇和小鼠中牛磺酸变化。 Changes in taurine in aging fruit flies and mice. 已发布 PubMed:丙氨酸 laevo-alanine: 4,假单胞菌核黄素的5-二氧戊酸氨基转移酶 5-dioxovalerate aminotransferase from Pseudomonas riboflavina: 通过甲基乙二醛纯化和灭活。 purification and inactivation by methylglyoxal. 已发布 PubMed:立体定向 Stereospecific 急性 acute 橙花毒性 neurono毒性 toxicity of '罕见 uncommon' plant amino acids linked to 的 human 电机系统 motor-system 疾病 疾病 diseases. 已发布 PubMed:氨基酸分析用于肉蛋白质评估。 Amino acid analysis for meat protein evaluation. 已发布 PubMed:沙拉酱中乙二胺四乙酸等速电泳测定 Isotachophoretic determination of ethylenediaminetetraacetate in salad dressing, 蛋黄酱 mayonnaise, 和 造黄油。 and margarine. 已发布 PubMed:鳗pala受体对氨基酸和羧酸味觉反应。 Gustatory responses of eel palatine receptors to amino acids and carboxylic acids. 已发布 PubMed:β-丙氨酸对果蝇黑腹果蝇交配和地域性的影响。 Influence of beta-alanine on mating and territorialism in Drosophila melanogaster. 已发布 PubMed:免疫细胞瘤对β-氨基异丁酸鼠尿排泄中昼夜节律变化的影响 Immunocytoma effect upon circadian variation in murine urinary excretion of beta-aminoisobutyric acid, beta-alanine, 苯丙氨酸和酪氨酸。 phenylalanine and tyrosine.

笔记 Notes: 通过降解二氢尿嘧啶和肌肽在体内形成的氨基酸。因为已经证明了橙花元摄取和橙花元受体对β-丙氨酸敏感性 an amino acid formed in vivo by the degradation of dihydrouracil and carnosine. since neuronal uptake and neuronal receptor sensitivity to beta-alanine have been demonstrated, 该化合物可能是替代γ-氨基丁酸错误递质。罕见的遗传病 the compound may be a false transmitter replacing gamma-aminobutyric acid. a rare genetic disorder, 高β-丙氨酸血症 hyper-beta-alaninemia, 已经被报告了。在藻类等植物中广泛分布 has been reported. Widely distributed in plants including algae, 真菌和许多高等植物。调味成分 fungi and many higher plants. Flavouring ingredient β-丙氨酸 Beta-alanine is the only 自然 naturally 发生 occurring β-氨基 beta-amino acid - the amino group is at the β-position from the 羧酸盐 carboxylate group. it It is 形成的 formed in 体内 vivo by by the 降解 degradation of 二氢尿嘧啶 dihydrouracil and 肌肽 carnosine. it It is a 零件 component of the 自然 naturally 发生 occurring 肽 肽 peptides 肌肽 carnosine and 丝氨酸 anserine and 也 also of pantothenic acid (维他命 Vitamin b- B-5) which 本身 itself is a 零件 component of 辅酶 coenzyme A. 下 Under 正常 normal 条件 conditions, β-丙氨酸被代谢成乙酸。因为已经证明了橙花元摄取和橙花元受体对β-丙氨酸敏感性 beta-alanine is metabolized into acetic acid. Since neuronal uptake and neuronal receptor sensitivity to beta-alanine have been demonstrated, 该化合物可能是替代γ-氨基丁酸错误递质。罕见的遗传病 the compound may be a false transmitter replacing gamma-aminobutyric acid. a rare genetic disorder, 高β-丙氨酸血症 hyper-beta-alaninemia, 已经被报告了。;即使比甘氨酸弱得多（因此，其作为生理递质的作用也存在争议） has been reported.; Even though much weaker than glycine (and thus with a debated role as a physiological transmitter), α-丙氨酸是继同源结扎甘氨酸本身之后的激动剂 ?-alanine is an agonist next in activity to the cognate ligant glycine itself, 对士的宁敏感的抑制性甘氨酸受体（甘油）（激动剂顺序） for strychnine-sensitive inhibitory glycine receptors (GlyRs) (the agonist order: 甘氨酸丙氨酸牛磺酸丙氨酸 glycine >> ?-alanine > taurine >> alanine, 丝氨酸脯氨酸）;组氨酸 L-serine > proline).; L-Histidine, pka值为6.1的缓冲液在生理性肌内ph值范围内相对较弱。然而 with a pKa of 6.1 is a relatively weak buffer over the physiological intramuscular pH range. However, 当与其他氨基酸结合时，其增加到接近6.8-7.0。特别是 when bound to other amino acids this increases nearer to 6.8-7.0. In particular, 当绑定到？-丙氨酸时，pka值为6.83 when bound to ?-alanine the pKa value is 6.83, 使其成为非常有效的肌内缓冲液。此外 making this a very efficient intramuscular buffer. Furthermore, 由于β氨基的位置 because of the position of the beta amino group, β-丙氨酸二肽没有掺入蛋白质，因此可以较高浓度（毫摩尔）保存。发生在17-25 毫摩尔 mmol / kg kg（干肌） , 肌肽（α-丙氨酰-1-组氨酸）是一种重要的肌内缓冲剂 carnosine (?-alanyl-L-histidine) is an important intramuscular buffer, 构成第i和ii型肌肉纤维总缓冲能力的10-20％； β-丙氨酸（或β-丙氨酸）是天然存在的β氨基酸 constituting 10-20% of the total buffering capacity in type I and II muscle fibres.; ?-Alanine (or beta-alanine) is a naturally occurring beta amino acid, 它们是其中氨基在羧酸酯基团的α-位的氨基酸（即， which are amino acids in which the amino group is at the ?-position from the carboxylate group (i.e., 距离两个原子 two atoms away, 见图1）。 β-丙氨酸iupac名称为3-氨基丙酸。不像普通的对手 see Figure 1). The IUPAC name for ?-alanine would be 3-aminopropanoic acid. Unlike its normal counterpart, l-丙氨酸 L-?-alanine, 和基因表达。 ha的所有这些物理化学和生物学特性已显示出与分子量（mw）有关。 ha的独特理化特性来自其独特的大分子结构。 ha是一个非常长的（3-30μm）且无分支的非硫酸盐填塞物，由n-乙酰氨基葡萄糖的重复二糖单元组成 ?-alanine has no chiral center.; ?-Alanine is not used in the biosynthesis of any major proteins or enzymes. It is formed in vivo by the degradation of dihydrouracil and carnosine. It is a component of the naturally occurring peptides carnosine and anserine and also of pantothenic acid (vitamin B5) which itself is a component of coenzyme A. Under normal conditions, β-丙氨酸代谢为乙酸。 ?-alanine is metabolized into acetic acid.