类别 Category:flavoring agents
美国 US/欧盟 EU/ fda / jecfa / fema / Flavis / 文献 Scholar /专利 Patent :
物理性质 Physical Properties:
感官特性 Organoleptic Properties:
气味描述 Odor Description:含硫的 sulfury |
来自其他 的气味和/或风味描述(如果找到)。 Odor and/or flavor descriptions from others (if found). |
化妆品信息 Cosmetic Information:
供应商 Suppliers:
安全信息 Safety Information:
首选SDS Preferred SDS: 视图 View |
欧洲信息 European information : |
最重要的危害 Most important hazard(s): | xi-刺激性 Xi - Irritant |
R 12 - 非常 Extremely 易燃的 flammable. R 36/37 - 烦 的 Irritating to 眼睛 眼睛 eyes and 呼吸的 respiratory 系统 system. R 41 - 风险 Risk of 严重 serious 损伤 damage to 眼睛 眼睛 eyes. S 02 - 保持 Keep out of the 达到 reach of 孩子们 children. S 16 - 保持 Keep 远 away from 资料来源 sources of 点火 ignition - No 抽烟 Smoking. S 23 - do Do not 呼吸 breath 汽 vapour. S 25 - 避免 Avoid contact with 眼睛 眼睛 eyes. S 26 - In 案件 case of contact with 眼睛 眼睛 eyes, 冲洗 rinse 立即 immediately with 充裕 plenty of 水 water and 寻求 seek 医疗 medical 忠告 advice. S 33 - 采取 Take 预防措施 precautionary 措施 measures 反对 against 静态的 static 排出 discharge. S 36/37/39 - 穿 Wear 适当 suitable 服装 clo瘦 thing, 手套和眼睛/面部防护。 gloves and eye/face protection.
|
|
危害识别 Hazards identification |
|
物质或混合物的分类 Classification of the substance or mixture |
根据29 cfr 1910(osha hcs)进行ghs分类 GHS Classification in accordance with 29 CFR 1910 (OSHA HCS) |
没有找到。 None found. |
ghs标签元素 GHS Label elements, 包括预防性声明 including precautionary statements |
|
象形图 Pictogram | |
|
危险说明 Hazard statement(s) |
没有找到。 None found. |
防范说明 Precautionary statement(s) |
没有找到。 None found. |
口服/肠胃外毒性 Oral/Parenteral Toxicity: |
灌胃鼠 gavage-rat LD50 4729 mg/kg kg (仙童 Fairchild & 斯托克 Stokinger, 1958)
腹膜内大鼠 intraperitoneal-rat LD50 590 mg/kg kg 行为的 BEHAVIORAL: 嗜睡(一般抑郁活动) SOMNOLENCE (GENERAL DEPRESSED ACTIVITY)
肺 LUNGS, 胸部 THORAX, 或呼吸 OR RESPIRATION: 呼吸抑制 RESPIRATORY DEPRESSION
行为的 BEHAVIORAL: COMA 美国 American 产业 Industrial 卫生 Hygiene 协会 Association 日志 Journal. 卷 Vol. 19, pg。 171 Pg. 171, 1958.
灌胃鼠 gavage-rat LD50 [性别 sex: M,F] 8400 mg/kg kg (菲利普斯 Phillips 油 Petroleum Company, 1990a) 1990a)
口鼠 oral-rat LD50 4729 mg/kg kg 肺 LUNGS, 胸部 THORAX, 或呼吸 OR RESPIRATION: 呼吸抑制 RESPIRATORY DEPRESSION
行为的 BEHAVIORAL: 嗜睡(一般抑郁活动) SOMNOLENCE (GENERAL DEPRESSED ACTIVITY)
行为的 BEHAVIORAL: COMA 美国 American 产业 Industrial 卫生 Hygiene 协会 Association 日志 Journal. 卷 Vol. 19, pg。 171 Pg. 171, 1958.
|
皮肤毒性 Dermal Toxicity: |
未定 Not determined
|
吸入毒性 Inhalation Toxicity: |
吸入大鼠 inhalation-rat LC50 22200 百万分之几 ppm/4H 行为的 BEHAVIORAL: 共济失调 ATAXIA
行为的 BEHAVIORAL: 肌肉无力 MUSCLE WEAKNESS
肺 LUNGS, 胸部 THORAX, 或呼吸 OR RESPIRATION: CYANOSIS 美国 American 产业 Industrial 卫生 Hygiene 协会 Association 日志 Journal. 卷 Vol. 19, pg。 171 Pg. 171, 1958.
吸入小鼠 inhalation-老鼠 mouse LC50 16500 百万分之几 ppm/4H 行为的 BEHAVIORAL: 肌肉无力 MUSCLE WEAKNESS
行为的 BEHAVIORAL: 共济失调 ATAXIA
肺 LUNGS, 胸部 THORAX, 或呼吸 OR RESPIRATION: CYANOSIS 美国 American 产业 Industrial 卫生 Hygiene 协会 Association 日志 Journal. 卷 Vol. 19, pg。 171 Pg. 171, 1958.
|
使用安全信息 Safety in Use Information:
类别 Category: | flavoring agents |
叔丁基硫醇用量建议 Recommendation for tert-butyl mercaptan usage levels up to: | | 不用于香水。 not for fragrance use.
|
|
最大化源自调查的每日摄入量(ms di- di- eu) : | 0.0012(微克/ 均/天) 0.0012 (μg/capita/day) |
修改后的理论增加的最大每日摄入量(mtamdi) Modified Theoretical Added Maximum Daily Intake (mTAMDI): | 78(微克/ /天) 78 (μg/person/day) |
关注点 Threshold of Concern: | 1800(微克/ /天) 1800 (μg/person/day) |
结构类 Structure Class: | I |
|
根据委员会法规ec EC号的食品类别。 1565/2000(ec , 2000)在fge.06(efsa 2000) in FGE.06 (EFSA, 2002a). 根据 According to the Industry the "正常 normal" use is 定义的 defined as the 平均 average of 已报告 reported 用法 用法 usages and "最大 maximum use" is 定义的 defined as the 95th 百分位 percentile of 已报告 reported 用法 用法 usages (efsa EFSA, 2002i)。 2002i). |
注意 Note: 毫克/千克= 0.001 / 1000 = 0.000001 = 1/1000000 = 百万分之几 ppm |
| 平均 average 用法 usage mg/kg kg | 最大 maximum 用法 usage mg/kg kg |
乳制品 Dairy products, 不包括02.0(01.0)类产品 excluding products of category 02.0 (01.0): | 0.20000 | 1.00000 |
脂肪和油脂 Fats and oils, 和脂肪乳液(油包水型)(02.0) and fat emulsions (type water-in-oil) (02.0): | 0.10000 | 0.50000 |
食用冰 Edible ices, 包括果子露和果汁冰糕(03.0) including sherbet and sorbet (03.0): | 0.20000 | 1.00000 |
加工水果(04.1) Processed fruit (04.1): | 0.20000 | 1.00000 |
加工蔬菜(包括蘑菇和真菌) Processed vegetables (incl. mushrooms & fungi, 根与根块茎 roots & tubers, 豆类和豆类) pulses and legumes), 和坚果种子(04.2) and nuts & seeds (04.2): | - | - |
糖果(05.0) Confectionery (05.0): | 0.20000 | 1.00000 |
谷物和谷物产品 Cereals and cereal products, 含税面粉根和淀粉块茎 incl. flours & starches from roots & tubers, 脉冲和豆类 pulses & legumes, 不包括面包店(06.0) excluding bakery (06.0): | 0.10000 | 0.50000 |
烘焙用具(07.0) Bakery wares (07.0): | 0.20000 | 1.00000 |
肉和肉制品 Meat and meat products, 包括家禽和野味(08.0) including poultry and game (08.0): | 0.10000 | 0.20000 |
鱼和鱼制品 Fish and fish products, 包括软体动物 including molluscs, 甲壳类和棘皮类动物(麦克 MCE)(09.0) : | 0.10000 | 0.20000 |
鸡蛋和蛋制品(10.0) Eggs and egg products (10.0): | - | - |
甜味剂 Sweeteners, 包括蜂蜜(11.0) including honey (11.0): | - | - |
盐 Salts, 香料 spices, 汤类 soups, 酱料 sauces, 色拉 salads, 蛋白产品 protein products, 等(12.0) etc. (12.0): | 0.10000 | 0.50000 |
用于特定营养用途的食品(13.0) Foodstuffs intended for particular nutritional uses (13.0): | 0.20000 | 1.00000 |
不含醇 Non-alcoholic ("柔软的 soft") 饮料 beverages, 不包括乳制品(14.1) excl. dairy products (14.1): | 0.10000 | 0.30000 |
含醇的饮料 Alcoholic beverages, 含税无醇和低醇的对口(14.2) incl. alcohol-free and low-alcoholic counterparts (14.2): | 0.20000 | 1.00000 |
即食美味(15.0) Ready-to-eat savouries (15.0): | 0.40000 | 2.00000 |
复合食品(例如砂锅菜) Composite foods (e.g. casseroles, 肉馅饼 meat pies, 百果馅)-无法放在01.0-15.0(16.0)类别中的食物 mincemeat) - foods that could not be placed in categories 01.0 - 15.0 (16.0): | 0.10000 | 0.50000 |
安全参考 Safety references:
欧洲食品安全法规(efsa) European Food Safety Athority(efsa):风味使用水平;亚急性 Flavor usage levels; Subacute, 亚慢性 Subchronic, 慢性和致癌性研究;发育/ 毒性研究;遗传毒性研究... Chronic and Carcinogenicity Studies; Developmental / Reproductive Toxicity Studies; Genotoxicity Studies...
|
欧洲食品安全局(efsa EFSA)参考 :
|
调味组评估8(fge.08)[1] Flavouring Group Evaluation 8 (FGE.08)[1]: 脂族和脂环族单- Aliphatic and alicyclic mono-, di- di- , 三 tri-, and 多硫化物 poly硫化物 sulphides with or 没有 without 额外 additional 充氧 oxygenated 功能性 functional 团体 groups from chemical group 20 视图 View page or 视图 View pdf
|
调味组评估74(fge.74)[1] Flavouring Group Evaluation 74 (FGE.74)[1]: jecfa(第六十一次会议)评估的与脂肪族和脂环族单-结构相关的简单脂肪族硫化物和硫醇的考虑 Consideration of Simple Aliphatic Sulphides and Thiols evaluated by JECFA (61st meeting) Structurally related to Aliphatic and Alicyclic Mono-, di- di- , 三 tri-, and 多硫化物 Poly硫化物 sulphides with or 没有 without 额外 Additional 充氧 Oxygenated Functional 团体 组 Groups from Chemical 组 Group 20 已评估 evaluated by by efsa EFSA in ge FGE.08 (2008) 视图 View page or 视图 View pdf
|
调味组评估8 Flavouring Group Evaluation 8, 版本1(fge.08rev1) Revision 1 (FGE.08Rev1): 脂族和脂环族单- Aliphatic and alicyclic mono-, di- di- , 三 tri-, and 多硫化物 poly硫化物 sulphides with or 没有 without 额外 additional 充氧 oxygenated 功能性 functional 团体 groups from chemical 团体 groups 20 and 30 视图 View page or 视图 View pdf
|
调味组评估91(fge.91) Flavouring Group Evaluation 91 (FGE.91): jecfa(第五十三次和第六十八次会议)评估的与脂族和脂环族单-结构相关的简单脂族和芳族硫化物和硫醇的考虑 Consideration of simple aliphatic and aromatic sulphides and thiols evaluated by JECFA (53rd and 68th meetings) structurally related to aliphatic and alicyclic mono-, di- di- , 三 tri-, and 多硫化物 poly硫化物 sulphides with or 没有 without 额外 additional 充氧 oxygenated 功能性 functional 团体 groups 已评估 evaluated by by efsa EFSA in ge FGE.08Rev1 (2009) 视图 View page or 视图 View pdf
|
调味组评估08 Rev2(fge.08 rev2) Flavouring Group Evaluation 08 Rev2 (FGE.08 Rev2): 脂族和脂环族单- Aliphatic and alicyclic mono-, di- di- , 三 tri-, and 多硫化物 poly硫化物 sulphides with or 没有 without 额外 additional 充氧 oxygenated 功能性 functional 团体 groups from chemical 团体 groups 20 and 30 视图 View page or 视图 View pdf
|
调味品组评价的科学见解8 Scientific Opinion on Flavouring Group Evaluation 8, 版本3(fge.08rev3) Revision 3 (FGE.08Rev3): 脂族和脂环族单- Aliphatic and alicyclic mono-, di- di- , 三 tri-, and 多硫化物 poly硫化物 sulphides with or 没有 without 额外 additional 充氧 oxygenated 功能性 functional 团体 groups from chemical 团体 groups 20 and 30 视图 View page or 视图 View pdf
|
调味品组评价的科学见解08 Scientific Opinion on Flavouring Group Evaluation 08, 修订版4(fge.08rev4) Revision 4 (FGE.08Rev4): 脂族和脂环族单- Aliphatic and alicyclic mono-, di- di- , 三 tri-, and 多硫化物 poly硫化物 sulphides with or 没有 without 额外 additional 充氧 oxygenated 功能性 functional 团体 groups from chemical 团体 groups 20 and 30 视图 View page or 视图 View pdf
|
调味品组评价的科学见解08 Scientific Opinion on Flavouring Group Evaluation 08, 修订版5(fge.08rev5) Revision 5 (FGE.08Rev5): 脂族和脂环族单- Aliphatic and alicyclic mono-, di- di- , 三 tri-, and 多硫化物 poly硫化物 sulphides with or 没有 without 额外 additional 充氧 oxygenated 功能性 functional 团体 groups from chemical 团体 groups 20 and 30 视图 View page or 视图 View pdf
|
Epi系统 EPI System: 视图 View |
尼什国际化学品安全卡 NIOSH International Chemical Safety Cards:search |
nlm NLM有害物质数据库 :搜索 Search |
毒理学引文 Toxicology Citations:搜索 Search |
EPA物质注册服务(tsca TSCA) :75-66-1 |
EPA ACToR:毒理学资料 Toxicology Data |
EPA物质注册服务(SRS) :注册表 Registry |
实验室化学安全摘要 Laboratory Chemical Safety Summary :6387 |
国家过敏和传染病研究所 National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases:Data |
明智的 WISER:联合国2347 UN 2347 |
德国wgk WGK Germany:3 |
2-甲基丙烷-2-硫醇 2-methylpropane-2-thiol |
chemidplus Chemidplus:0000075661 |
技术 RTECS:75-66-1 |
参考资料 References:
| 2-甲基丙烷-2-硫醇 2-methylpropane-2-thiol |
NIST化学网络书籍 NIST Chemistry WebBook: | 搜索INCHI |
加拿大国内分公司。清单 Canada Domestic Sub. List: | 75-66-1 |
pubchem(cid) Pubchem (cid): | 6387 |
pubchem(sid) Pubchem (sid): | 134971056 |
其他资料 Other Information:
潜在搅拌机 Potential Blenders and core 组件 components note
潜在用途 Potential Uses:
存在(自然 Occurrence (nature, 餐饮 food, 其他) other): note
同义词 Synonyms:
tert- | butane thiol | tert- | butanethiol | tert- | butyl thiol | tert- | butylmercaptan | tert- | butylthiol | 1,1- | dimethyl乙硫醇 ethanethiol | 2- | methyl propane-2-thiol | 2- | methyl-2-propane thiol | 2- | methyl-2-propanethiol | 2- | methyl-2-propanthiol | 2- | methylpropane-2-thiol | | propane-2-thiol, 2-methyl- | 2- | propanethiol, 2-methyl- |
文章 Articles:
已发布 PubMed:直接合成高导电性叔丁基硫醇封端的Cuins2纳米晶体。 Direct Synthesis of Highly Conductive tert-Butylthiol-Capped CuInS2 Nanocrystals. |
已发布 PubMed:使用热不稳定的叔丁基硫醇在胶体cdse纳米晶体上进行配体交换,以改善纳米晶体薄膜中的光电流。 Ligand exchange on colloidal CdSe nanocrystals using thermally labile tert-butylthiol for improved photocurrent in nanocrystal films. |
已发布 PubMed:改善混合动力p3ht的开路潜力 Improving open circuit potential in hybrid P3HT:cdse本体异质结太阳能电池通过胶体叔丁基硫醇配体交换。 CdSe bulk heterojunction solar cells via colloidal tert-butylthiol ligand exchange. |
已发布 PubMed:基于纳米级v2o5的叔丁基硫醇催化发光气体传感器。 A cataluminescence gas sensor based on nanosized V2O5 for tert-butyl mercaptan. |
已发布 PubMed:乙硫醇和叔丁硫醇的舒展振动光谱。 SH-stretching vibrational spectra of ethanethiol and tert-butylthiol. |
已发布 PubMed:烷硫醇的构象比真空紫外质谱分析阈电离光谱 Conformationally specific vacuum ultraviolet mass-analyzed threshold ionization spectroscopy of alkanethiols: 乙硫醇构象异构体的结构与电离 structure and ionization of conformational isomers of ethanethiol, 异丙硫醇 isopropyl mercaptan, 1-丙硫醇 1-propanethiol, tert-butanethiol, 和1-丁烷硫醇。 and 1-butanethiol. |
已发布 PubMed:环境条件下吸附去除ag-y沸石上叔丁硫醇的机理研究。 Mechanistic study on adsorptive removal of tert-butanethiol on Ag-Y zeolite under ambient conditions. |
已发布 PubMed:储存条件对采样袋中挥发性硫化物稳定性的影响。 Impact of Storage Conditions on the Stability of Volatile Sulfur Compounds in Sampling Bags. |
已发布 PubMed:从低带隙聚合物到混合光伏薄膜中cdse量子点的超快电子转移的直接光谱证据。 Direct spectroscopic evidence of ultrafast electron transfer from a low band gap polymer to CdSe quantum dots in hybrid photovoltaic thin films. |
已发布 PubMed:利用cdse多脚架作为多功能受体的新型半随机和交替共聚物混合太阳能电池。 Novel semi-random and alternating copolymer hybrid solar cells utilizing CdSe multipods as versatile acceptors. |
已发布 PubMed:硫醇泄漏后的社区健康评估 Community health assessment following mercaptan spill: 八英里 Eight Mile, 流动县 Mobile County, 阿拉巴马州 Alabama, 2012年9月。 September 2012. |
已发布 PubMed:采样袋中挥发性硫化物(vscs)的稳定性-温度的影响。 Stability of volatile sulfur compounds (VSCs) in sampling bags - impact of temperature. |
已发布 PubMed:fasciculatum和有益假单胞菌之间的协同作用在减少根部疾病,提高锦葵中的产量和福司可林含量方面具有协同作用。在有机田间条件下。 Simultaneous determination of total and extracellular concentrations of the amino acid neurotransmitters in cat visual cortex by microbore liquid chromatography and electrochemical detection. |
已发布 PubMed:基于fmoc的肽硫酯的合成,用于使用叔丁基硫醇接头进行天然化学连接。 Fmoc-based synthesis of peptide thioesters for native chemical ligation employing a tert-butyl thiol linker. |
已发布 PubMed:离子色谱分离和脉冲积分安培检测法在巧克力一次性电极上实现的波形测定巧克力中的生物胺。 Detection and characterization of a transport system mediating cysteamine entry into human fibroblast lysosomes. Specificity for aminoethylthiol and aminoethylsulfide derivatives. |
已发布 PubMed:电化学检测脑脊液中游离γ-氨基丁酸等度hplc分析。 Isocratic HPLC assay with electrochemical detection of free gamma-aminobutyric acid in cerebrospinal fluid. |
已发布 PubMed:过氧乙酸根阴离子的光电子能谱和热化学。 Photoelectron spectroscopy and thermochemistry of the peroxyacetate anion. |
已发布 PubMed:聚氨基硫醇 (pat)的合成及生物学评价。 Synthesis and biological evaluation of gallium polyaminothiols (PAT). |
已发布 PubMed:色谱法测定s-取代的半胱氨酸衍生物-比较研究。 Chromatographic methods for determination of S-substituted cysteine derivatives--a comparative study. |
已发布 PubMed:相平衡的可转移电位。 8.硫醇的统一原子描述 Transferable potentials for phase equilibria. 8. United-atom description for thiols, 硫化物 sulfides, disulfides, 和噻吩。 and thiophene. |
已发布 PubMed:磨牙 Molar 折射率 Refractivity and 连通性 Connectivity 指数 Index 相关性 Correlations for Henry's 法 Law 的 Virial 系数 Co有效率的 efficients of 气味 Odorous 硫 Sulfur 化合物 Compounds on 碳 Carbon and for 气相色谱 Gas-色谱法 Chromatographic 保留 Retention 指标 Ind冰 ices. |
已发布 PubMed:一种用于携带和释放多拷贝的含半胱氨酸肽的聚乙二醇共聚物。 A polyethylene glycol copolymer for carrying and releasing multiple copies of cysteine-containing peptides. |
已发布 PubMed:还原的黄素与有机硝酸酯和s-亚硝基硫醇的反应 Reaction of organic nitrate esters and S-nitrosothiols with reduced flavins: 生物激活的可能机制。 a possible mechanism of bioactivation. |
已发布 PubMed:改进的不透明柱前衍生化和柱前浓缩-毛细管液相色谱-电化学检测法测定痕量γ-氨基丁酸 Determination of trace level gamma-aminobutyric acid using an improved OPA pre-column derivatization and on-column preconcentration capillary liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection. |
已发布 PubMed:样品制备和氨基酸测定步骤 Procedure for the sample preparation and handling for the determination of amino acids, 来自大鼠显微解剖脑区域的单胺和代谢产物。 monoamines and metabolites from microdissected brain regions of the rat. |
已发布 PubMed:三甲基锡对小鼠大脑不同区域氨基酸浓度的影响 Effect of trimethyltin on amino acid concentrations in different regions of the mouse brain. |
已发布 PubMed:固相萃取法测定大鼠肝匀浆和 尿中的巴氯芬和α-巴洛芬 Determination of baclofen and alpha-baclofen in rat liver homogenate and human urine using solid-phase extraction, 邻苯二甲醛-叔丁基-硫醇衍生化和高效液相色谱法,带安培检测。 o-phthalaldehyde-tert.-butyl thiol derivatization and high-performance liquid chromatography with amperometric detection. |
已发布 PubMed:等度hplc-ec快速分析大鼠脑灌注液中内源氨基酸橙花递质的方法。 Rapid method for micro-analysis of endogenous amino acid neurotransmitters in brain perfusates in the rat by isocratic HPLC-EC. |
已发布 PubMed:使用新型的基于二硫键的脑药物递送系统靶向脑血管大中性氨基酸转运蛋白(lat1)亚型。 Targeting the cerebrovascular large neutral amino acid transporter (LAT1) isoform using a novel disulfide-based brain drug delivery system. |
已发布 PubMed:硫亲核体对钯的高选择性钯催化动力学拆分和外消旋烯丙基碳酸酯的对映选择性取代 Highly selective palladium catalyzed kinetic resolution and enantioselective substitution of racemic allylic carbonates with sulfur nucleophiles: 烯丙基硫化物的不对称合成 asymmetric synthesis of allylic sulfides, 烯丙基砜 allylic sulfones, 和烯丙醇。 and allylic alcohols. |
已发布 PubMed:用微透析对大鼠脑核进行细胞外灌注 Extracellular perfusion of rat brain nuclei using microdialysis: 研究差异性橙花递质释放对橙花毒素的反应的方法。 a method for studying differential neurotransmitter release in response to neurotoxins. |
已发布 PubMed:大蒜中s-烷(烯)基-1-半胱氨酸衍生物的hplc,包括定量测定(+)-s-烯丙基-1-半胱氨酸亚砜(alliin)。 HPLC of S-Alk(en)yl-L-cysteine Derivatives in Garlic including Quantitative Determination of (+)-S-Allyl-L-cysteine Sulfoxide (Alliin). |
已发布 PubMed:(+)-顺-2-甲基-4-丙基-1的新型高效对映选择性合成 A new efficient enantioselective synthesis of (+)-cis-2-methyl-4-propyl-1,3-oxathiane, 百香果香气的宝贵成分。 a valuable ingredient for the aroma of passion fruit. |
已发布 PubMed:支链烷硫醇自组装单层的表面微观结构和电化学精馏。 Surface microscopic structure and electrochemical rectification of a branched alkanethiol self-assembled monolayer. |
已发布 PubMed:的分子间和分子内途径,可从β-(磷酸氧基)烷基自由基形成四氢呋喃。分离机制的证据 Inter- and intramolecular pathways for the formation of tetrahydrofurans from beta-(Phosphatoxy)alkyl radicals. Evidence for a dissociative mechanism |
已发布 PubMed:高效液相色谱法测定 血浆中的巴氯芬。 High-performance liquid chromatographic determination of baclofen in human plasma. |
|