一种原子序数为30，原子量为65.38的金属元素。它是饮食中必需的微量元素 a metallic element of atomic number 30 and atomic weight 65.38. it is a necessary trace element in the diet, 构成许多酶的重要组成部分 forming an essential part of many enzymes, 在蛋白质合成和细胞分裂中起着重要作用。锌缺乏与贫血有关 and playing an important role in protein synthesis and in cell division. zinc deficiency is associated with anemia, 身材矮小 short stature, 性腺功能减退 hypogonadism, 伤口愈合不良 impaired wound healing, 和吞噬。用符号zn zn知道。尽管锌是保持健康的必要条件 , 过量的锌可能有害。锌的过量吸收会抑制铜和铁的吸收。溶液中的游离锌离子对植物有剧毒 excess zinc can be harmful. Excessive absorption of zinc suppresses copper and iron absorption. The free zinc ion in solution is highly toxic to plants, 无脊椎动物 invertebrates, 甚至是脊椎动物。自由离子活性模型在文献中已经建立 and even vertebrate fish. The Free Ion Activity Model is well-established in the literature, charkit一直致力于扩大我们服务的市场，因为我们的产品和服务名册将随着我们的发展而不断增长。我们丰富的个 护理成分组合现在包括各种各样的豪华和特殊成分，以补充我们一直提供的主要产品。我们已将产品范围扩大到营养食品 and shows that just micromolar amounts of the free ion kills some organisms. A recent example showed 6 micromolar killing 93% of all Daphnia in water.; Binary compounds of zinc are known for most of the metalloids and all the nonmetals except the noble gases. The oxide ZnO is a white powder that is nearly insoluble in neutral aqueous solutions, 但是两性的 but is amphoteric, 溶于强碱性和酸性溶液。其他硫属元素化物（zn zns , se ZnSe, 和Znte）在电子和光学领域有各种各样的应用。杀菌剂（zn zn3n2 , zn zn3p2 , zn zn3as2和zn zn3sb2） , 过氧化物（zn zno2） , 氢化物（zn znh2） , 碳化物（zn znc2）也是已知的。四种卤化物中的一种 , zn znf2具有最大的离子特征 , 而其他 （zn zncl2 , zn znbr2 , 和zn zni2）具有相对较低的熔点，并被认为具有更高的共价特性。黄铜 , 它是铜和锌的合金 which is an alloy of copper and zinc, 至少从公元前10世纪开始使用。直到13世纪，印度才开始大规模生产不纯的锌金属 has been used since at least the 10th century BC. Impure zinc metal was not produced in large scale until the 13th century in India, 而 while the 金属 metal was 未知 unk现在 nown to Europe 直到 until the end of the 16th 世纪 century. 炼金术士 Alchemists burned burned zinc in 空气 air to form 什么 what 他们 they called called "philosopher's 羊毛 wool" or "白 white 雪 s现在 now". The element was 大概 probably 命名 named by by the 炼金术士 alchemist 寄生虫 Paracelsus 后 after the 德语 German word 金科 叮 Zinke. 德语 German chemist andreas Andreas 西吉斯蒙德 Sigismund 玛格格拉夫 Marggraf is 一般 正常 normally 给定 给 given 信用 credit for 发现 disc过度 overing pure 金属的 金属 metallic zinc in 1746. 工作 Work by by 路易吉 Luigi 镀锌的 Galvani and 亚历山德罗 A减 lessandro 伏打 卷 Volta 裸露 unc过度 overed the 电化学的 electrochemical 属性 properties of zinc by by 1800. 耐腐蚀 Corrosion-resistant zinc 电镀 plating of 钢 steel (热浸 hot-dip 镀锌 galvanizing) is the major 应用 application for zinc. 其他 Other 应用领域 应用 applications are in 电池 batteries and 合金 合金 alloys, 如黄铜。常用的各种锌化合物 such as brass. A variety of zinc compounds are commonly used, 例如碳酸锌和葡萄糖酸锌（作为膳食补充剂） such as zinc carbonate and zinc gluconate (as dietary supplements), 氯化锌（除臭剂中） zinc chloride (in deodorants), 巯氧吡啶锌（去头皮香波） zinc pyrithione (anti-dandruff shampoos), 硫化锌（在发光涂料中） zinc sulfide (in luminescent paints), 双（3-甲基丁基）酯咖啡硫代苹果酸酯二异戊基硫代苹果酸酯巯基丁烷二酸双（3-甲基丁基）酯巯基丁二酸双（3-甲基丁基）酯双（3-甲基丁基）巯基琥珀酸酯双（3-甲基丁基）2-硫代丁基丁二酸酯双（3-甲基丁基） ）2-硫烷基琥珀酸酯双（3-甲基丁基）巯基琥珀酸酯 and zinc methyl or zinc diethyl in the organic laboratory.; Cadmium zinc telluride (CZT) is a semiconductive alloy that can be divided into an array of small sensing devices. These devices are similar to an integrated circuit and can detect the energy of incoming gamma ray photons. When placed behind an absorbing mask, czt传感器阵列还可用于确定射线的方向。锌用作锌-空气电池/燃料电池的阳极或燃料，为理论上的锌经济性提供了基础。有锌缺乏风险的 群包括老年 the CZT sensor array can also be used to determine the direction of the rays. Zinc is used as the anode or fuel of the zinc-air battery/fuel cell providing the basis of the theorized zinc economy.; Groups at risk for zinc deficiency include the elderly, 素食主义者 vegetarians, 以及肾功能不全者。锌螯合肌醇六磷酸 and those with renal insufficiency. The zinc chelator phytate, 在种子和谷类麸皮中发现 found in seeds and cereal bran, 素食过多的 会导致锌吸收不良。缺乏足够的锌生物标志物 can contribute to zinc malabsorption in those with heavily vegetarian diets. There is a paucity of adequate zinc biomarkers, 以及使用最广泛的指标 and the most widely used indicator, 等离子锌 plasma zinc, 敏感性和特异性差。诊断锌缺乏症是一项持续的挑战。在含有zn zn2 +离子的弱碱性溶液中 , 氢氧化物zn zn（oh）2形成白沉淀。在强碱性溶液中 , 该氢氧化物溶解形成锌酸盐（[zn zn（oh）4] 2？）。硝酸盐zn zn（no3）2 , 氯酸盐zn zn（clo3）2 , 硫酸锌 sulfate ZnSO4, 磷酸盐zn zn3（po4）2 , 钼酸锌 molybdate ZnMoO4, 氰化物zn zn（cn）2 , 亚砷酸盐Zn（aso2）2 arsenite Zn(AsO2)2, 东印度柠檬草（cymbopogon flexuosus）主要生长在泰米尔纳德邦和北方邦，我实际上将其归类为南印度，但无论哪种方式，该物种在化学上都与西印度物质不同，因为其柠檬醛和Mycrene含量较少。这两个主要成分分别为39.98％的老年性和31.10％的橙花性。这也许可以解释为什么它不是特别甜，以及为什么这两种油在干燥器中散发出淡淡的花香。 arsenate Zn(AsO4)2?8H2O and the chromate ZnCrO4 (one of the few colored zinc compounds) are a few examples of other common inorganic compounds of zinc. One of the simplest examples of an organic compound of zinc is the acetate (Zn(O2CCH3)2).; Organozinc compounds are those that contain zinc?carbon covalent bonds. Diethylzinc ((C2H5)2Zn) is a reagent in synthetic chemistry. It was first reported in 1848 from the reaction of zinc and ethyl iodide, 并且是已知的第一个包含金属碳西格玛键的化合物。十甲基二茂辛烯在室温下具有很强的锌－锌键。其他来源包括强化食品和膳食补充剂 and was the first compound known to contain a metal?carbon sigma bond. Decamethyldizincocene contains a strong zinc?zinc bond at room temperature.; Other sources include fortified food and dietary supplements, 有各种形式。 1998年的一项审查得出结论，氧化锌 which come in various forms. A 1998 review concluded that zinc oxide, 美国最常见的补品之一 one of the most common supplements in the United States, 在大气压下，分子氮在77 k（？195.8？c）下冷凝（液化）并在63 k（？210.0？c）下冻结成六方六方密堆积的同素异形晶体。低于35.4 k（？237.6？c）的氮假定为α荜澄茄/山苍子晶体同素异形体。液氮 and zinc carbonate are nearly insoluble and poorly absorbed in the body. This review cited studies which found low plasma zinc concentrations after zinc oxide and zinc carbonate were consumed compared with those seen after consumption of zinc acetate and sulfate salts. However, 在相对富裕的 群中，有害的过量补充是一个问题 harmful excessive supplementation is a problem among the relatively affluent, 健康 的每日摄入量不得超过20 mg and should probably not exceed 20 mg/day in healthy people, 虽然美国国家研究委员会将最高摄入量设定为每天40毫克。锌产量的大约四分之一 although the U.S. National Research Council set a Tolerable Upper Intake of 40 mg/day.; Roughly one quarter of all zinc output, 在美国（2006年） in the United States (2006), 以锌化合物的形式消耗；工业上使用各种。氧化锌被广泛用作油漆中的白颜料 is consumed in the form of zinc compounds; a variety of which are used industrially. Zinc oxide is widely used as a white pigment in paints, 棕榈科dactylifera叶细胞提取物棕榈 palma主要叶细胞提取物凤凰木var。 maroccana叶细胞提取物phoenix chevalieri叶细胞提取物phoenix dactylifera var。敦煌叶细胞提取物phoenix dactylifera var。哥斯达黎加叶细胞提取物凤梨变种。 cylindrocarpa叶细胞提取物phoenix dactylifera var。枸杞叶细胞提取物phoenix dactylifera var。鬼臼叶细胞提取物phoenix dactylifera var。待子植物叶细胞提取物phoenix dactylifera var。景天叶片细胞提取物phoenix dactylifera var。樟子松叶细胞提取物凤凰胚芽叶细胞提取物凤凰iberica叶细胞提取物 , a 遗传的 genetic 紊乱 disorder 影响 affecting zinc 吸收 absorption that was 先前 previously 致命 fatal to babies babies 天生的 born with it.; The element is 一般 正常 normally 发现 found in association with other base 金属 金属 metals 这样 such as 铜 copper and lead in 矿石 ores. Zinc is a 嗜硫菌 chalcophile ("硫 sulfur 爱 loving"), 含义 meaning the element has a low 亲和力 affinity for 氧 oxygen and 喜欢 p参考 refers to 键 bond with 硫 sulfur in 高度 高 highly 不溶 insoluble 硫化物 硫化物 sulfides. 嗜硫菌 Chalcophiles 形成的 formed as the crust 固化 solidified under the 减少 reducing 条件 conditions of the 早 early Earth's 大气层 atmosphere. 闪锌矿 Sphalerite, 这是硫化锌的一种形式 which is a form of zinc sulfide, 是开采量最大的含锌矿石，因为其精矿含有60％至62％的锌。游离锌离子是一种强力的路易斯酸，直至被腐蚀为止。胃酸含有盐酸 is the most heavily mined zinc-containing ore because its concentrate contains 60?62% zinc.; The free zinc ion is a powerful Lewis acid up to the point of being corrosive. Stomach acid contains hydrochloric acid, 内酯是一种内部环状单酯（酸酐），它是通过去除同一分子中羧基和羟基之间的h2o衍生自γ或δ羟基酸羟基和羧基基团的； γ-羟基丁酸自发形成γ-丁内酯，δ-羟基癸酸自发形成δ-十内酯。结果 in which metallic zinc dissolves readily to give corrosive zinc chloride. Swallowing a post-1982 American one cent piece (97.5% zinc) can cause damage to the stomach lining due to the high solubility of the zinc ion in the acidic stomach.; The metal is hard and brittle at most temperatures but becomes malleable between 100 and 150 �C. Above 210 �C, 金属再次变脆，可以通过打磨将其粉碎。锌是电力的公平导体。用于金属 the metal becomes brittle again and can be pulverized by beating. Zinc is a fair conductor of electricity. For a metal, 这一发展可能会导致分子光谱学的未来发展。氟化物也通常用于合金金属和光学沉积。通常可以立即以大多数数量获得氟化钾。超高纯度和高纯度组合物可提高光学质量和科学标准的实用性。纳米级（也请参见纳米技术信息和量子点）元素粉末和悬浮液 zinc has relatively low melting (420 �C) and boiling points (900 �C). Its melting point is the lowest of all the transition metals aside from mercury and cadmium.; The most common decay mode of an isotope of zinc with a mass number lower than 64 is electron capture. The decay product resulting from electron capture is an isotope of copper.; There are 2?4 grams of zinc distributed throughout the human body. Most zinc is in the brain, 肌肉 muscle, 骨头 bones, 肾 kidney, 和肝脏 and liver, 在前列腺和眼睛的一部分中浓度最高。精液中锌特别丰富 with the highest concentrations in the prostate and parts of the eye. Semen is particularly rich in zinc, 2-氨基-5-（氨基甲酰胺基）戊酸2-氨基-5-（二氨基甲叉亚氨基）戊酸2-氨基-5-氨基甲酰胺基戊酸2-氨基-5-胍基戊酸2-氨基-5-胍基戊酸dl-2-氨基-5 -胍基戊酸2-氨基-5-胍基新戊酸（＆plusmn;）-精氨酸dl-精氨酸en5-（二氨基亚甲基）鸟氨酸en5-（二氨基亚甲基）鸟氨酸鸟氨酸 which is a key factor in prostate gland function and reproductive organ growth.; Various isolated examples of the use of impure zinc in ancient times have been discovered. A possibly prehistoric statuette containing 87.5% zinc was found in a Dacian archaeological site in Transylvania (modern Romania). Ornaments made of alloys that contain 80?90% zinc with lead, 铁 iron, 锑 antimony, 和其他金属构成剩余部分 and other metals making up the remainder, 已经发现有2500年的历史了。 berne锌片是一种可奉献的牌匾，可追溯到罗马高卢时期，由高锌合金制成。也 have been found that are 2500 years old. The Berne zinc tablet is a votive plaque dating to Roman Gaul made of an alloy that is mostly zinc. Also, 一些古代著作似乎提到锌。希腊历史学家斯特拉布 some ancient writings appear to mention zinc. The Greek historian Strabo, 摘录自公元前4世纪的早期作家 in a passage taken from an earlier writer of the 4th century BC, 提及 提到 mentions "掉落 drops of 假 false 银 silver", 与铜混合后可制成黄铜。这可能是指作为冶炼硫化矿石的副产品而产生的少量锌。 charaka samhita which when mixed with copper make brass. This may refer to small quantities of zinc produced as a by-product of smelting sulfide ores. The Charaka Samhita, 被认为写于公元前500年或之前 thought to have been written in 500 BC or before, 提到一种金属 mentions a metal which, 氧化时 when oxidized, 生产Pushpanjan pushpanjan , 被认为是氧化锌。锌（发音为/？z ?? k / 辛格 zingk , 来自德国 from German: 叮） Zink), 也被称为 also known as spelter, 是金属化学元素；它具有符号zn zn和原子序数30。它是元素周期表第12组中的第一个元素。锌是 , 在某些方面 in some respects, 化学上类似于镁 chemically similar to magnesium, 因为 be原因 cause its ion is of 类似 similar size and its only 共同 common 氧化 oxidation 州 state is +2. Zinc is the 24th 最 most 丰富 abundant element in the Earth's crust and has 五 five 稳定 stable 同位素 同位素 isotopes. The 最 most 被剥削 exploited zinc ore is 闪锌矿 sphalerite, 硫化锌。澳大利亚发现最大的可开采矿床 a zinc sulfide. The largest exploitable deposits are found in Australia, 加拿大 Canada, 和美国。锌的生产包括矿石的泡沫浮选 and the United States. Zinc production includes froth flotation of the ore, 焙烧 roasting, 最终用电提取（电解沉积）。锌的化学性质类似于晚期第一行过渡金属的化学性质 and final extraction using electricity (electrowinning).; Zinc chemistry is similar to the chemistry of the late first-row transition metals, 镍和铜尽管具有填充的D壳 nickel and copper though it has a filled d-shell, 因此它的化合物是抗磁性的，大部分是无色的。锌和镁的离子半径几乎相同。因此，它们的某些盐具有相同的晶体结构，并且在离子半径是决定因素的情况下，锌和镁的化学成分有很多共同之处。否则几乎没有相似之处。锌倾向于形成具有较高共价键的键，并且与n和s供体形成更稳定的络合物。锌的配合物大多为4-或6-坐标，尽管5-配合物是已知的。氯化锌通常作为阻燃剂添加到木材中，并可用作木材防腐剂。它也用于制造其他化学品。甲基锌（zn zn（ch3）2）用于许多有机合成中。硫化锌（zn zns）用于发光颜料，例如钟针 , X射线和电视屏幕 X-ray and television screens, 脱水芳樟醇氧化物脱水芳樟醇氧化物（5）脱羟基芳樟醇氧化物脱羟基芳樟醇氧化物脱氧2-乙烯基四氢-2-甲基-5-（1-甲基乙烯基）呋喃2-乙烯基-2-甲基-5-（1-甲基乙烯基）四氢呋喃2-乙烯基-2 -甲基-5-（1-甲基乙烯基）四氢呋喃2-乙烯基-2-甲基-5-（丙-1-烯-2-基）四氢呋喃2-乙烯基-2-甲基-5-丙-1-烯-2-基氧戊烷2 -乙烯基四氢-2-甲基-5-（1-甲基乙烯基）呋喃 and luminous paints. Crystals of ZnS are used in lasers that operate in the mid-infrared part of the spectrum. Zinc sulphate is a chemical in dyes and pigments. Zinc pyrithione is used in antifouling paints.; Zinc has an electron configuration of [Ar]3d104s2 and is a member of the group 12 of the periodic table. It is a moderately reactive metal and strong reducing agent. The surface of the pure metal tarnishes quickly, 最终形成碱性碳酸锌的保护性钝化层 eventually forming a protective passivating layer of the basic zinc carbonate, zn zn5（oh）6co3 , 通过与大气二氧化碳反应。该层有助于防止与空气和水进一步反应。锌是一种很好的路易斯酸 by reaction with atmospheric carbon dioxide. This layer helps prevent further reaction with air and water.; Zinc is a good Lewis acid, 使其在羟基化和其他酶促反应中成为有用的催化剂。金属还具有灵活的配位几何形状 making it a useful catalytic agent in hydroxylation and other enzymatic reactions. The metal also has a flexible coordination geometry, 这使得使用它的蛋白质可以快速改变构象以进行生物学反应。含锌酶的两个例子是碳酸酐酶和羧肽酶 which allows proteins using it to rapidly shift conformations to perform biological reactions. Two examples of zinc-containing enzymes are carbonic anhydrase and carboxypeptidase, 对二氧化碳（co2）调节和蛋白质消化过程至关重要 which are vital to the processes of carbon dioxide (CO2) regulation and digestion of proteins, 分别。;锌是必不可少的元素 respectively.; Zinc is an essential element, 维持所有生命所必需 necessary for sustaining all life.Physiologically, 它以离子形式存在于体内。据估计， 体中成千上万的蛋白质中有3000个含有锌假基团。此外 it exists as an ion in the body. It is estimated that 3000 of the hundreds of thousands of proteins in the human body contain zinc prosthetic groups. In addition, 体中有十几种分泌锌离子的细胞 there are over a dozen types of cells in the human body that secrete zinc ions, 这些分泌的锌信号在医学和健康中的作用目前正在积极研究中。有趣的 and the roles of these secreted zinc signals in medicine and health are now being actively studied. Intriguingly, 哺乳动物前脑中的脑细胞是分泌锌的一种细胞 brain cells in the mammalian forebrain are one type of cell that secretes zinc, 以及其他橙花元信使物质。唾液腺中的细胞 along with its other neuronal messenger substances. Cells in the salivary gland, 前列腺 prostate, 免疫系统和肠道是分泌锌的其他类型。在怀孕期间和幼儿中获得足够的锌摄入量是一个问题 immune system and intestine are other types that secrete zinc. Obtaining a sufficient zinc intake during pregnancy and in young children is a problem, 特别是在那些谁负担不起良好和多样化的饮食。子宫和青年时期的锌缺乏阻碍了大脑的发育。锌是某些酶的激活剂 especially among those who cannot afford a good and varied diet. Brain development is stunted by zinc deficiency in utero and in youth. Zinc is an activator of certain enzymes, 这样 such as 碳的 carbonic 脱水酶 anhydrase. 碳的 Carbonic 脱水酶 anhydrase is 重要 important in the 运输 transport of carbon 二氧化碳 dioxide in 脊椎动物 vertebrate 血液 blood. 甚至 Even 虽然 though zinc is an essential 需求 requirement for a 健康 健康 healthy body, 锌过多可能有害。锌的过量吸收还可以抑制铜和铁的吸收。溶液中的游离锌离子对植物有剧毒 too much zinc can be harmful. Excessive absorption of zinc can also suppress copper and iron absorption. The free zinc ion in solution is highly toxic to plants, 无脊椎动物 invertebrates, 甚至是脊椎动物。自由离子活度模型（fiam）在文献中已经建立 and even vertebrate fish. The Free Ion Activity Model (FIAM) is well-established in the literature, and 表演 shows that 只是 just 微摩尔 micromolar 金额 amounts of the 自由 free ion 杀死 kills some 有机体 organisms.; Zinc is an essential 矿物 mineral of "非凡 除了 exceptional 生物的 biologic and 上市 public 健康 health 重要性 importance". Zinc 不足 deficiency 影响 affects about 二 two 十亿 billion people in the 发展 developing world and is 关联的 associated with many 疾病 diseases. In 孩子们 children it 原因 原因 causes growth 迟缓 retardation, 延迟性成熟 delayed sexual maturation, 感染易感性 infection susceptibility, 和腹泻 and diarrhea, 导致约800 死亡 contributing to the death of about 800,每年全世界有000名儿童。反应中心带有锌原子的酶在生物化学中很普遍 000 children worldwide per year. Enzymes with a zinc atom in the reactive center are widespread in biochemistry, 例如 类的醇脱氢酶。食用过量的锌会导致共济失调 such as alcohol dehydrogenase in humans. Consumption of excess zinc can cause ataxia, 嗜睡和缺铜。锌是必不可少的微量元素 lethargy and copper deficiency.; Zinc is an essential trace element, 植物必需的 necessary for plants, animals, 和微生物。在近100种特定酶中发现了锌（其他来源说300种） and microorganisms. Zinc is found in nearly 100 specific enzymes (other sources say 300), 供应 serves as 结构的 structural ions in 抄写 transcription 因素 因子 factors and is 储存的 stored and 转入 transferred in 金属硫蛋白 金属 metallothioneins. it It is "通常 typically the 第二 second 最 most 丰富 abundant transition 金属 metal in 有机体 organisms" 后 after 铁 iron and it is the only 金属 metal 哪一个 which 出现 出现 ap梨 pears in all 酵素 enzyme 类 classes.; Zinc 粉 powder is 有时 some次 times 用过的 used as a 推进剂 propellant in 模型 模式 model 火箭 rockets. 什么时候 When a 压缩的 compressed 混合物 mixture of 70% zinc and 30% 硫 sulfur 粉 powder is 被点燃 ignited 那里 there is a 暴力 violent chemical 反应 reaction. 这个 This produces zinc 硫化物 sulfide, 加上大量的热气 together with large amounts of hot gas, 热 heat, 和光。锌板用于制造锌棒。锌 and light. Zinc sheet metal is used to make zinc bars.; Zinc, 在非科学语境中也被称为击剑者 spelter , 是蓝白 is a bluish-white, 有光泽的 lustrous, 抗磁性金属 diamagnetic metal, 尽管大多数常见的金属牌号都没有光泽。它的密度略低于铁，并具有六方晶体结构。 though most common commercial grades of the metal have a dull finish. It is somewhat less dense than iron and has a hexagonal crystal structure.