许多动物组织中存在的维生素B1的辅酶形式。它是丙酮酸脱氢酶复合物和酮戊二酸脱氢酶复合物中必需的中间体。硫胺素焦磷酸是硫胺素的活性形式 the coenzyme form of vitamin b1 present in many animal tissues. it is a required intermediate in the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex and the ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex. Thiamine pyrophosphate is the active form of thiamine, 它可以作为主要参与碳水化合物分解代谢的几种酶的辅助因子。酶在许多细胞成分的生物合成中很重要 and it serves as a cofactor for several enzymes involved primarily in carbohydrate catabolism. The enzymes are important in the biosynthesis of a number of cell constituents, 包括橙花递质 including neurotransmitters, 以及用于还原抗氧化剂，生物合成以及用于合成用作核酸前体的戊糖的还原当量的生产。 tpp的化学结构是芳族甲基氨基嘧啶环的化学结构 and for the production of reducing equivalents used in oxidant stress defenses and in biosyntheses and for synthesis of pentoses used as nucleic acid precursors. The chemical structure of TPP is that of an aromatic methylaminopyrimidine ring, 铜通常在类风湿节螺藻患者中升高，使疾病恶化。除节螺藻患者外，血清组氨酸水平低的其他患者是那些患有慢性肾功能衰竭的患者。组氨酸因其血管舒张作用而被认为可用于高血压。目前尚无证据表明其可用于改善性欲和抵抗过敏。组氨酸可能具有许多其他可能的功能，因为它是普遍存在的橙花激素-橙花递质组胺的前体。组氨酸可增加血液中和大脑中的组胺。类风湿节螺藻患者发生低血组胺和低血清组氨酸。低血组胺也发生在一些躁狂症中 linked via a methylene bridge to a methylthiazolium ring with a pyrophosphate group attached to a hydroxyethyl side chain. In non-enzymatic model studies it has been demonstrated that the thiazolium ring can catalyse reactions which are similar to those of TPP-dependent enzymes but several orders of magnitude slower. Using infrared and NMR spectrophotometry it has been shown that the dissociation of the proton from C2 of the thiazolium ring is necessary for catalysis; the abstraction of the proton leads to the formation of a carbanion (ylid) with the potential for a nucleophilic attack on the carbonyl group of the substrate. In all TPP-dependent enzymes the abstraction of the proton from the C2 atom is the first step in catalysis, 因为植物的芽需要足够低的温度才能正常发育。叶芽是用来生产我们的100％纯天然法国黑醋栗纯芽的原料。这些非常香的部分在1月和2月收获，并通过使用挥发性溶剂萃取而加工成浸膏。然后通过乙醇提取浸膏获得精华/精粹/精萃。就像干邑或达瓦那一样 which is followed by a nucleophilic attack of this carbanion on the substrate. Subsequent cleavage of a C-C bond releases the first product with formation of a second carbanion (2-greek small letter alpha-carbanion or enamine). The formation of this 2-greek small letter alpha-carbanion is the second feature of TPP catalysis common to all TPP-dependent enzymes. Depending on the enzyme and the substrate(s), 反应中间体和产物不同。甲基支链脂肪酸 the reaction intermediates and products differ. Methyl-branched fatty acids, 作为植酸 as phytanic acid, 经历过氧化物酶体β-氧化，其中它们被缩短1个碳原子。这个过程包括四个步骤 undergo peroxisomal beta-oxidation in which they are shortened by 1 carbon atom. This process includes four steps: 激活 activation, 2-羟基化 2-hydroxylation, 硫胺素焦磷酸依赖的裂解和醛脱氢。在第三步 thiamine pyrophosphate dependent cleavage and aldehyde dehydrogenation. In the third step, 2-羟基-3-甲基酰基-Coa在过氧化物酶体基质中被2-羟基植烷酰基-Coa裂解酶（2-hpcl）裂解 2-hydroxy-3-methylacyl-CoA is cleaved in the peroxisomal matrix by 2-hydroxyphytanoyl-CoA lyase (2-HPCL), （z）-酸肉桂酸（z）-苯丙酸（z）-亚苄基乙酸顺式-肉桂酸（z）-肉桂酸（z）-3-苯基丙烯酸（z）-3-苯基丙酸（z） -3-苯基丙烯酸酯（z）-3-苯基-2-丙烯酸（2z）-3-苯基丙烯酸酯（2z）-3-苯基丙-2-烯酸酯（z）-3-苯基丙-2-烯酸 which uses thiamine pyrophosphate (TPP) as cofactor. The thiamine pyrophosphate dependence of the third step is unique in peroxisomal mammalian enzymology. Human pathology due to a deficient alpha-oxidation is mostly linked to mutations in the gene coding for the second enzyme of the sequence, 植烷酰可可 phytanoyl-CoA 羟化酶 hydroxylase (ec EC 1.14.11.18). (mid PMID: 12694175, 11899071, 9924800）[hmdb] 9924800) [HMDB]