oxygen
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类别 Category:cosmetic agents
美国 US/欧盟 EU/ fda / jecfa / fema / Flavis / 文献 Scholar /专利 Patent :
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笔记 Notes: Oxygen is the 第三 third 最 most 丰富 abundant 元件 element in the 宇宙 universe 后 after 氢 hydrogen and 氦 helium and the 最 most 丰富 abundant 元件 element by by mass in the Earth's crust. 双原子的 Diatomic oxygen gas 构成 constitutes 20.9% of the 体积 volume of 空气 air. 所有 All major 类 classes of 结构的 structural 分子 molecules in 活的 living 有机体 organisms, 如蛋白质 such as proteins, 碳水化合物 carbohydrates, 和脂肪 and fats, 含氧 contain oxygen, 以及构成动物壳的主要无机化合物 as do the major inorganic compounds that comprise animal shells, 牙齿 teeth, 和骨头。蓝细菌从水中产生o2形式的氧气 and bone. Oxygen in the form of O2 is produced from water by cyanobacteria, 海藻 algae and 植物 plants 中 during 光合作用 photosynthesis and is 用过的 used in 蜂窝状的 cellular 呼吸 respiration for all 活的 living 有机体 organisms. 绿 Green 海藻 algae and 蓝细菌 cyanobacteria in 海洋的 marine 环境 environments 提供 provide about 70% of the 自由 free oxygen 生产的 生产 produced on earth and the rest is 生产的 生产 produced by by 地面的 terrestrial 植物 plants. Oxygen is 用过的 used in 线粒体 mitochondria to 帮帮我 help 生成 gene率 rate 腺苷 adenosine 三磷酸 triphosphate (atp ATP) 中 during 氧化 oxidative 磷酸化 phosphorylation. For 动物 animals, a 不变 constant 供应 supply of oxygen is 必不可少 indispensable for 心脏的 cardiac 可行性 viability and function. To 遇到 meet 这个 this 需求 demand, 一个成年的 an adult human, 在休息 at rest, 吸气 inhales 1.8 to 2.4 克 grams of oxygen per 分钟 minute. 这个 This 金额 amounts to 更多 more than 6 十亿 billion 公吨 tonnes of oxygen 吸入 inhaled by by 性 的 humanity per 年 year. At a 休息的 resting 脉冲 pulse 率 rate, ＆bull;混合物（氯菊酯+）乐果；除虫菊酯;马拉硫磷甲菊酯;庚磷生物菊酯+胡椒基丁醚;苄硫磷;毒死rif甲基+菊酯;生物所有 Allethrins s-环戊烯基异构体；生物所有 Allethethrin的S-环戊烯基异构体+胡椒基丁醚。 , 哺乳动物的心肌在厌氧条件下不能产生足够的能量来维持必要的细胞过程。从而 mammalian heart muscle cannot produce enough energy under anaerobic conditions to maintain essential cellular processes; thus, a 不变 constant 供应 supply of oxygen is 必不可少 indispensable to 支持 sustain 心脏的 cardiac function and 可行性 viability. 然而 However, 氧气和氧气相关过程在生命系统中的作用很复合物 the role of oxygen and oxygen-associated processes in living systems is complex, 但是它的起源是在欧洲和亚洲的寒冷地区。而最著名的是当皮肤接触到其叶和茎上的细毛时发生的刺痛反应。传统上用作营养和“血液清洁剂”或“替代剂 and they and can be either beneficial or contribute to cardiac dysfunction and death (through reactive oxygen species). Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are a family of oxygen-derived free radicals that are produced in mammalian cells under normal and pathologic conditions. Many ROS, 例如超氧阴离子（o2-）和过氧化氢（h2o2） such as the superoxide anion (O2-)and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), 在血管内起作用 act within blood vessels, 消毒剂c-抗氧化剂和稳定剂178.2010聚合物的抗氧化剂和/或稳定剂。fda 181部分-事先批准的食品成分b子部分-特定的事先批准的食品成分sec。 181.24抗氧化剂.fda 182部分-被普遍认为是安全的d部分-化学防腐剂。 182.3109硫代二丙酸。 altering mechanisms mediating mechanical signal transduction and autoregulation of cerebral blood flow. Reactive oxygen species are believed to be involved in cellular signaling in blood vessels in both normal and pathologic states. The major pathway for the production of ROS is by way of the one-electron reduction of molecular oxygen to form an oxygen radical, 超氧阴离子（o2-）。在脉管系统内，有多种O2的酶促来源 the superoxide anion (O2-). Within the vasculature there are several enzymatic sources of O2-, 包括黄嘌呤氧化酶 including xanthine oxidase, 线粒体电子传输链 the mitochondrial electron transport chain, 和一氧化氮（无）合酶近年来的研究 and nitric oxide (NO) synthases. Studies in recent years, 然而 however, 提示血管细胞中o2含量的主要贡献是膜结合酶nadph-氧化酶 oxidase。产生的O2-可以与其他自由基反应 , 如无 such as NO, 或自发分解产生过氧化氢（h2o2）。在细胞中 or spontaneously dismutate to produce hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). In cells, 后者是正常O2分解的重要途径，通常由超氧化物歧化酶（sod）催化。一旦形成 the latter reaction is an important pathway for normal O2- breakdown and is usually catalyzed by the enzyme superoxide dismutase (SOD). Once formed, h2o2会发生各种反应 H2O2 can undergo various reactions, 酶促和非酶促的。抗氧化酶过氧化氢酶和谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶通过将h2o2分解为h2o来限制细胞内的ros积累。 H2O2的代谢也会产生其他 both enzymatic and nonenzymatic. The antioxidant enzymes catalase and glutathione peroxidase act to limit ROS accumulation within cells by breaking down H2O2 to H2O. Metabolism of H2O2 can also produce other, 更具破坏性的玫瑰。例如 more damaging ROS. For example, 内源性髓过氧化物酶以h2o2为底物形成高反应性化合物次氯酸。或者 the endogenous enzyme myeloperoxidase uses H2O2 as a substrate to form the highly reactive compound hypochlorous acid. Alternatively, h2o2可以经历fenton或haber-weiss化学 H2O2 can undergo Fenton or Haber-Weiss chemistry, 与fe2 + / fe3 +离子反应形成有毒的羟基自由基（-.oh）。 （pmid reacting with Fe2+/Fe3+ ions to form toxic hydroxyl radicals (-.OH). (PMID: 17027622, 15765131）[hmdb] 15765131) [HMDB]
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