横纹肌和肝脏的组成部分。它在治疗上用于刺激胃和胰腺分泌以及治疗高脂蛋白血症。用于运动和婴儿营养。存在于豌豆（豌豆）的子叶中 constituent of striated muscle and liver. it is used therapeutically to stimulate gastric and pancreatic secretions and in the treatment of hyperlipoproteinemias. Used in sport and infant nutrition. Present in cotyledons of pea (Pisum sativum) 肉碱是由氨基酸赖氨酸和蛋氨酸生物合成的季铵化合物。在活细胞中 Carnitine is a quaternary ammonium compound biosynthesized from the amino acids lysine and methionine. In living cells, Panalane＆reg; l-14e是一种多功能化妆品润肤剂，非常适合各种个 护理产品。它是一种低粘度等级，易于混合，由于其特有的丰富手感，非常适合用于彩色化妆品和唇部产品。它也方便了在唇部护理中的应用，并改善了耐磨性 it is required for the transport of fatty acids from the cytosol into the mitochondria during the breakdown of lipids (or fats) for the generation of metabolic energy. It is often sold as a nutritional supplement. Carnitine was originally found as a growth factor for mealworms and labeled vitamin Bt. Carnitine exists in two stereoisomers: 它的生物活性形式是左旋肉碱 its biologically active form is L-carnitine, 而其对映体 while its enantiomer, d-肉碱 D-carnitine, merquat＆trade; 550l聚合物是一种水性阳离子共聚物，旨在改善阴离子表面活性剂体系中的相容性和透明度。建议使用这种高度透明的共聚物来改善护发产品的干湿特性，并增强护肤产品的手感。 merquat＆trade; 550升聚合物包含1 ppm残留丙烯酰胺。 is biologically inactive.; Carnitine is not an essential amino acid; Levocarnitine is a carrier molecule in the transport of long chain fatty acids across the inner mitochondrial membrane. It also exports acyl groups from subcellular organelles and from cells to urine before they accumulate to toxic concentrations. Lack of carnitine can lead to liver, 心 heart, 和肌肉问题。肉碱缺乏症在生化上定义为游离肉碱血浆浓度异常低 and muscle problems. Carnitine deficiency is defined biochemically as abnormally low plasma concentrations of free carnitine, 足月后一周内低于20μmol/ l，可能与组织和/或尿液浓度低有关。进一步 less than 20 µmol/L at one week post term and may be associated with low tissue and/or urine concentrations. Further, 这个 t他的 his 健康）状况 condition 可以 may be 关联的 associated with a 等离子体 plasma 浓度 concentration ratio of 酰基肉碱 酰基 acylcarnitine/levocarnitine 更大的 greater than 0.4 or 异常地 异常 ab正常 normally 高架 elevated 浓度 浓度 concentrations of 酰基肉碱 酰基 acylcarnitine in the 尿 urine. 只要 Only the L 异构体 isomer of carnitine (有时 some时间 times called called 维他命 vitamin bt BT) 影响 affects lipid 代谢 metabolism. The "维他命 vitamin bt BT" form 其实 actually 包含 contains D,左旋肉碱 L-Carnitine Base, 1-甲基-3-（1-甲基乙基）-β-胱氨酸-庚烯-β-麝香-cymolmeta-甲基异丙基苯3-甲基-1-（甲基乙基）苯1-甲基-3-（1-甲基乙基）苯1-甲基-3 -（1-甲基乙基）苯1-甲基-3-异丙基苯1-甲基-3-丙烷-2-基苯3-甲基异丙基苯-甲基异丙基苯3-异丙基甲苯间-异丙基甲苯1-异丙基-3-甲基苯3-异丙基甲苯基-异丙基甲苯 which competitively inhibits levocarnitine and can cause deficiency. Levocarnitine can be used therapeutically to stimulate gastric and pancreatic secretions and in the treatment of hyperlipoproteinemias.; There is a close correlation between changes in plasma levels of osteocalcin and osteoblast activity and a reduction in osteocalcin plasma levels is an indicator of reduced osteoblast activity, 这似乎是老年受试者和绝经后妇女骨质疏松症的基础。肉碱混合物或丙酰基-1-肉碱施用能够增加如此治疗的动物的血清骨钙素浓度 which appears to underlie osteoporosis in elderly subjects and in postmenopausal women. Administration of a carnitine mixture or propionyl-L-carnitine is capable of increasing serum osteocalcin concentrations of animals thus treated, 而对照动物的血清骨钙素水平倾向于随着年龄的增长而降低。它可以在体内合成。然而 whereas serum osteocalcin levels tend to decrease with age in control animals.; it can be synthesized in the body. However, 它在为包括心脏在内的肌肉提供能量方面非常重要-一些研究 员现在建议在饮食中添加肉碱补充剂 it is so important in providing energy to muscles including the heart-that some researchers are now recommending carnitine supplements in the diet, 特别是对于不多吃红肉的 particularly for people who do not consume much red meat, 肉碱主要食物来源。肉碱已被描述为一种维生素 the main food source for carnitine. Carnitine has been described as a vitamin, 氨基酸 an amino acid, 或一种元生物素 or a metabimin, 即 i.e., 必需的代谢产物。像B族维生素 an essential metabolite. Like the B vitamins, 肉碱含有氮并且非常易溶于水 carnitine contains nitrogen and is very soluble in water, 对某些研究 员而言，肉碱是一种维生素（liebovitz 1984）。结果发现，动物（黄粉虫）的饮食中不能含有肉碱。然而 and to some researchers carnitine is a vitamin (Liebovitz 1984). It was found that an animal (yellow mealworm) could not grow without carnitine in its diet. However, 事实证明 as it turned out, 几乎所有其他almost all other animals, 包括 类 including humans, 自己做肉碱；从而 do make their own carnitine; thus, 它不再被认为是维生素。但是 it is no longer considered a vitamin. Nevertheless, 在某些情况下-例如蛋氨酸缺乏 in certain circumstances-such as deficiencies of methionine, 赖氨酸或维生素C或肾脏透析-出现肉碱短缺。在这些条件下 lysine or vitamin C or kidney dialysis--carnitine shortages develop. Under these conditions, 肉碱必须从食物中吸收 carnitine must be absorbed from food, and for 这个 t他的 his 原因 reason it is 有时 some时间 times 被提及 referred to as a "异生物素 metabimin" or a 有条件的 健康）状况 conditionally essential metabolite. 喜欢 Like the other amino acids 用过的 used or 制造的 manufactured by by the body, 肉碱是一种胺。但像carnitine is an amine. But like choline, 有时被认为是B族维生素 which is sometimes considered to be a B vitamin, 肉碱也是一种醇（特别是 carnitine is also an alcohol (specifically, 三甲基化的羧基醇）。从而 a trimethylated carboxy-alcohol). Thus, 肉碱是一种不常见的氨基酸，其功能与大多数其他氨基酸不同 carnitine is an unusual amino acid and has different functions than most other amino acids, which are 最 most 通常 usually 受雇 employed by by the body in the 施工 construction of 蛋白 protein. Carnitine is an essential 因子 factor in 脂肪的 脂肪 fatty acid 代谢 metabolism in mammals. it It's 最 most 重要 进口 important k现在 nown 新陈代谢 metabolic function is to 运输 tran运动 sport 脂肪 fat 进入 into the 线粒体 mitochondria of 肌肉 muscle 细胞 细胞 cells, 包括那些内心的 including those in the heart, for 氧化 oxidation. 这个 T他的 his is how the 心 heart 得到 gets 最 most of its 能源 energy. In 类 hu芒 mans, 约25％的肉碱在肝脏中合成 about 25% of carnitine is synthesized in the liver, 肾 kidney and 脑 brain from the amino acids lysine and methionine. 最 Most of the carnitine in the body 来了 comes from 饮食上的 饮食 dietary 资料来源 sources 这样 such as red 肉 meat and 乳业 dairy products. 先天 Inborn 错误 errors of carnitine 代谢 metabolism can lead to 脑 brain 恶化 deterioration 喜欢 like that of R眼睛 eye's 综合症 syndrome, 逐渐使肌肉无力恶化 gradually worsening muscle weakness, 欧洲油橄榄木质部功能失调。与黄萎病菌的感染过程有关的植物。酚类化合物在植物防御机制中的作用 Duchenne-like muscular dystrophy and extreme muscle weakness with fat accumulation in muscles. Borurn et al. (1979) describe carnitine as an essential nutrient for pre-term babies, 某些类型的（非酮症的）降血糖药 certain types (non-ketotic) of hypoglycemics, 肾脏透析患者 kidney dialysis patients, 肝硬化 cirrhosis, 和在kwashiorkor kwashiorkor , Ⅳ型高脂血症 type IV hyperlipidemia, 心肌病（心肌病） heart muscle disease (cardiomyopathy), 丙酸或有机酸尿症（由于遗传或其他异常导致的酸性尿液）。在所有这些情况下以及肉碱代谢的先天性错误 and propionic or organic aciduria (acid urine resulting from genetic or other anomalies). In all these conditions and the inborn errors of carnitine metabolism, 3-[（（2-甲基-3-呋喃基）硫基] -3-（（2-甲基-3-呋喃基）硫基）-2-丁酮3-[[（2-甲基-3-呋喃基）硫基] -2-丁酮3 -（2-甲基-3-呋喃硫基）-2-丁酮3-[（（2-甲基-3-呋喃基）硫烷基] -2-丁酮3-[（（2-甲基-3-呋喃基）硫烷基]丁酮-2-one3 -（（（2-甲基-3-呋喃基）硫基）-2-丁酮（+/-）-3-[（2-甲基-3-呋喃基）硫基] -2-丁酮（＆plusmn;）-3-[（ 2-甲基-3-呋喃硫基] -2-丁酮3-[（2-甲基-3-呋喃硫基）-2-丁酮3-（2-甲基-3-呋喃硫基）-2-丁酮2-甲基-3-呋喃硫基）but butan-2-one3-（2-甲基-3-呋喃硫基）but butan-2-one3-[（（2-methylfuran-3-yl）ulfanyl] but butan-2-one , 特别是在欧洲 particularly in Europe, 已使用肉碱补充剂以提高耐力。肉碱可以通过改善脂肪利用来改善肌肉结构，甚至可以用于治疗肥胖症。肉碱加入了大量的营养物质，可能对治疗孕妇有价值 have used carnitine supplements for improved endurance. carnitine may improve muscle building by improving fat utilization and may even be useful in treating obesity. carnitine joins a long list of nutrients which may be of value in treating pregnant women, 甲状腺功能减退的个体 hypothyroid individuals, and 男 male 不孕症 infertility 到期 due to 低 low 动力 motility of 胚芽 sperm. 甚至 Even the Physician's 台 Desk 参考 Reference 给 gives 指示 indication for carnitine supplements as "改善 improving the 公差 tolerance of 缺血的 ischemic 心 heart 疾病 disease, 心肌功能不全 myocardial insufficiencies, 和iv型高脂蛋白血症。肉毒碱缺乏被指出在肝功能异常 and type IV hyperlipoproteinemia. carnitine deficiency is noted in abnormal liver function, 肾透析患者 renal dialysis patients, and 严重 severe to 中等 mode率 rate 肌肉发达 muscular 弱点 weakness with 关联的 associated 榆绿木 anorexia." (http: //www.营养不良 dcnutrition.com）