Typical G.C. analysis
asarum asarum 加拿大 canadense 根油 root oil | |||
# | % | Leftshift | Components |
---|---|---|---|
21 | 0.20 | 亚里士多德 aristolene | |
29 | 0.90 | 亚里士多龙 aristolone | |
15 | 0.40 | (E)-beta- | 佛手柑 bergamotene |
41 | 0.10 | borneol | |
9 | 1.50 | bornyl acetate | |
24 | 0.20 | delta- | cadinene |
16 | 0.30 | 樟脑 camphene | |
17 | 0.30 | 1,8- | 桉树脑 cineole |
36 | 0.10 | 古巴烯、蒎烯 copaene | |
18 | 0.30 | para- | 异丙基甲苯、伞花烃 cymene |
8 | 1.70 | elemicin elemicin | |
30 | 0.90 | (E)-iso | elemicin elemicin |
34 | 0.60 | eugenol | |
23 | 0.20 | (E)-beta- | farnesene |
11 | 1.30 | 香叶醇 geraniol | |
5 | 3.90 | 乙酸香叶酯 geranyl acetate | |
20 | 0.30 | gamma- | 愈创木烯 guaiene |
37 | 0.10 | beta- | 古尔烯 gurjunene |
10 | 1.40 | 烯醇 junenol | |
28 | 0.90 | 柠檬烯 limonene | |
2 | 14.90 | linalool | |
4 | 4.00 | 乙酸芳樟酯 linalyl acetate | |
39 | 0.10 | 甲基查维醇 methyl chavicol | |
1 | 41.80 | 甲基丁香酚 methyl eugenol | |
19 | 0.30 | (E)- | 甲基异丁香酚 methyl isoeugenol |
42 | trace | 甲基百里酚 methyl thymol | |
40 | 0.10 | alpha- | 茂烯 muurolene |
7 | 1.70 | myrcene | |
12 | 1.20 | 橙花醇 nerol | |
6 | 2.40 | 乙酸橙花酯 neryl acetate | |
14 | 0.40 | (E)- | 罗勒烯 ocimene |
32 | 0.60 | (Z)- | 罗勒烯 ocimene |
13 | 0.90 | alpha- | 松油萜、蒎烯 pinene |
27 | 0.90 | beta- | 松油萜、蒎烯 pinene |
25 | 0.10 | 桧烯 sabinene | |
22 | 0.20 | seychellene | |
33 | 0.60 | terpinen-4-ol | |
26 | 0.10 | alpha- | terpinene |
31 | 0.80 | gamma- | terpinene |
3 | 5.90 | alpha- | 松油醇 terpineol |
35 | 0.40 | terpinolene | |
38 | 0.10 | vetiselinene | |
B. M. Lawrence, 未发表 unpublished information. p&amp P&F 11, 6 No. 6, 39, (1986) | |||
八角茴香果油中国 illicium verum fruit oil china | |||
# | % | Leftshift | Components |
23 | 87.89 | (E)- | 茴香脑 anethole |
21 | 0.20 | (Z)- | 茴香脑 anethole |
22 | 0.28 | para- | 茴香醛 anisaldehyde |
25 | 0.06 | 茴香 anise ketone | |
34 | 0.16 | allo- | 芳烃 aromadendrene |
31 | 0.14 | beta- | 佛手柑 bergamotene |
35 | 0.22 | beta- | 比沙泊烯 bisabolene |
16 | 0.04 | borneol | |
15 | 0.05 | 异 iso | borneol |
2 | 0.03 | 樟脑 camphene | |
14 | 0.02 | 樟脑 camphene | |
7 | 0.58 | delta-3- | carene carene |
29 | 0.35 | beta- | 石竹烯 caryophyllene |
28 | 0.31 | 异 iso | 石竹烯 caryophyllene |
10 | 0.20 | 1,8- | 桉树脑 cineole |
26 | 0.10 | alpha- | 古巴烯、蒎烯 copaene |
8 | 0.29 | para- | 异丙基甲苯、伞花烃 cymene |
27 | 0.04 | beta- | elemene |
30 | 0.50 | gamma- | elemene |
39 | 0.05 | elemol | |
33 | 0.42 | (E)-beta- | farnesene |
38 | 0.03 | 法尼醇 farnesol | |
36 | 0.89 | 卵磷脂 foeniculin | |
9 | 2.38 | 柠檬烯 limonene | |
13 | 0.73 | linalool | |
19 | 0.57 | 甲基查维醇 methyl chavicol | |
32 | 0.32 | 甲基异丁香酚 methyl isoeugenol | |
5 | 0.41 | myrcene | |
37 | 0.12 | 橙花醇 nerolidol | |
6 | 0.39 | alpha- | 芹菜烯 phellandrene |
12 | 0.03 | beta- | 芹菜烯 phellandrene |
1 | 0.49 | alpha- | 松油萜、蒎烯 pinene |
4 | 0.03 | beta- | 松油萜、蒎烯 pinene |
24 | 0.19 | 4-iso -iso | propyl 托酚酮 tropolone |
3 | 0.03 | 桧烯 sabinene | |
20 | 0.14 | safrole | |
17 | 0.03 | terpinen-4-ol | |
11 | 0.30 | gamma- | terpinene |
18 | 0.28 | alpha- | 松油醇 terpineol |
L-F. 太阳 Sun, Studies on the 化学的 Chemical 成分 constituents of the 易挥发的 volatileoil of illicium Illicium Verum 钩 Hook. f grown in Shangyou. Youji Huaxue, 10, 183-186 (1990). p&amp P&F 17, 2 No. 2, 39, (1992) | |||
薰衣草格罗索油 lavandin grosso oil | |||
# | % | Leftshift | Components |
1 | trace | acetone | |
46 | trace | beta- | 佛手柑 bergamotene |
62 | 0.10 | 比沙泊烯 bisabolene | |
78 | 0.40 | beta- | bisabolol |
59 | 2.89 | borneol | |
49 | 0.24 | bornyl acetate | |
18 | 0.04 | 丁酸丁酯 butyl butyrate | |
10 | 0.01 | 异丁酸丁酯 butyl isobutyrate | |
35 | 0.10 | 钛酸丁酯 butyl tiglate | |
66 | 0.25 | gamma- | cadinene |
77 | 0.20 | T- | cadinol |
7 | 0.33 | 樟脑 camphene | |
43 | 12.16 | 樟脑 camphene | |
11 | 0.05 | delta-3- | carene carene |
64 | trace | carvone | |
52 | 2.73 | beta- | 石竹烯 caryophyllene |
75 | 0.12 | beta- | 石竹烯 caryophyllene epoxide |
17 | 10.22 | 1,8- | 桉树脑 cineole |
76 | trace | cubenol | |
68 | 0.02 | 异丙苯甲醛 cuminaldehyde | |
71 | 0.02 | para- | cymen-8-ol |
25 | 0.16 | para- | 异丙基甲苯、伞花烃 cymene |
69 | 0.03 | epoxy乙酸芳樟酯 linalyl acetate (2 异构体 异构体 isomers) | |
54 | 1.12 | beta- | farnesene |
6 | trace | 芬烯 fenchene | |
33 | 0.01 | Fenchone fenchone | |
39 | 0.08 | 异 iso | Fenchone fenchone |
32 | trace | 加巴洛烯 galbanolene (1,3(e) 3(E),5(Z)-undecatriene) | |
70 | 0.23 | 香叶醇 geraniol | |
63 | 1.19 | 乙酸香叶酯 geranyl acetate | |
60 | 1.06 | germacrene D | |
30 | 0.02 | hexanol | |
19 | trace | 2- | hexenal |
38 | 0.05 | 2-甲基丁酸己酯 hexyl 2-methyl butyrate | |
24 | 0.17 | 乙酸己酯 hexyl acetate | |
34 | 0.28 | 丁酸己酯 hexyl butyrate | |
29 | 0.04 | 异丁酸己酯 hexyl isobutyrate | |
28 | 0.02 | hexyl propionate | |
53 | 0.13 | 己酯 hexyl tiglate | |
56 | 0.17 | alpha- | humulene |
55 | 0.84 | 拉维度洛 lavandulol | |
50 | 2.27 | 醋酸薰衣草 lavand andulyl | |
73 | 0.02 | 丁酸薰衣草 lavand andulyl | |
74 | trace | 薰衣草 lavand andulyl epoxide | |
16 | 0.93 | 柠檬烯 limonene | |
44 | 22.53 | linalool | |
41 | 0.16 | (E)- | linalool oxide furanoid |
37 | 0.16 | (Z)- | linalool oxide furanoid |
65 | trace | (Z)- | linalool oxide pyranoid |
45 | 26.18 | 乙酸芳樟酯 linalyl acetate | |
72 | trace | 己酸芳基酯 linalyl hexanoate | |
2 | 0.05 | 甲氧基己烷 methoxyhexane | |
15 | 0.14 | 5- | methyl-3-heptanone |
12 | 1.50 | myrcene | |
67 | 0.05 | 橙花醇 nerol | |
61 | 0.13 | 乙酸橙花酯 neryl acetate | |
22 | 0.52 | (E)-beta- | 罗勒烯 ocimene |
20 | 1.05 | (Z)-beta- | 罗勒烯 ocimene |
27 | trace | octanal | |
23 | 0.04 | 3- | octanone |
36 | 0.12 | 1- | 辛烯-3-醇 octen-3-ol |
31 | 0.26 | 1- | 乙酸辛基-3-基酯 octen-3-yl acetate |
42 | trace | 乙酸辛酯 octyl acetate | |
13 | 0.07 | alpha- | 芹菜烯 phellandrene |
4 | 0.61 | alpha- | 松油萜、蒎烯 pinene |
8 | 0.44 | beta- | 松油萜、蒎烯 pinene |
48 | 0.19 | plinol 异构体 isomer (2-dimethyl-3-methyl ethenyl 环戊醇 cyclopentanol) | |
9 | 0.14 | 桧烯 sabinene | |
40 | 0.24 | sabinene hydrate | |
47 | 0.21 | alpha- | santalene |
51 | 3.34 | terpinen-4-ol | |
14 | 0.05 | alpha- | terpinene |
21 | 0.40 | gamma- | terpinene |
57 | 1.18 | alpha- | 松油醇 terpineol |
58 | 0.43 | gamma- | 松油醇 terpineol |
26 | 0.26 | terpinolene | |
5 | 0.12 | alpha- | 丁烯 thujene |
3 | 0.01 | tricyclene | |
R. Naef A. F. 莫里斯 m Morris, Lavand ande-Lavand andin. Une 分析 analyse 比较 comparative.. r Rivista 斜体 Ital. EPPOS, (Numnero 特殊的 Speciale), 365-377 (1992). p&amp P&F 18, 2 No. 2, 43, (1993) | |||
薰衣草油 lavandin oil abrialis | |||
# | % | Leftshift | Components |
1 | 0.02 | acetone | |
46 | 0.39 | beta- | 佛手柑 bergamotene |
62 | 0.05 | 比沙泊烯 bisabolene | |
74 | 0.24 | beta- | bisabolol |
59 | 3.65 | borneol | |
17 | 0.03 | 丁酸丁酯 butyl butyrate | |
10 | trace | 异丁酸丁酯 butyl isobutyrate | |
35 | 0.15 | 钛酸丁酯 butyl tiglate | |
65 | 0.30 | gamma- | cadinene |
73 | 0.21 | T- | cadinol |
7 | 0.55 | 樟脑 camphene | |
42 | trace | 樟脑酮 camphenilone | |
43 | 12.20 | 樟脑 camphene | |
11 | 0.13 | delta-3- | carene carene |
50 | 6.03 | beta- | 石竹烯 caryophyllene |
71 | 0.11 | beta- | 石竹烯 caryophyllene epoxide |
16 | 10.28 | 1,8- | 桉树脑 cineole |
57 | 0.05 | cryptone | |
72 | trace | 荜澄茄醇 cubebol | |
69 | 0.05 | para- | cymen-8-ol |
23 | 0.22 | para- | 异丙基甲苯、伞花烃 cymene |
67 | 0.09 | epoxy乙酸芳樟酯 linalyl acetate (2 异构体 异构体 isomers) | |
54 | 1.09 | beta- | farnesene |
6 | trace | 芬烯 fenchene | |
33 | 0.01 | Fenchone fenchone | |
39 | 0.09 | 异 iso | Fenchone fenchone |
32 | trace | 加巴洛烯 galbanolene (1,3(e) 3(E),5(Z)-undecatriene) | |
68 | 0.10 | 香叶醇 geraniol | |
63 | 1.22 | 乙酸香叶酯 geranyl acetate | |
60 | 1.20 | germacrene D | |
29 | 0.05 | hexanol | |
38 | 0.12 | 2-甲基丁酸己酯 hexyl 2-methyl butyrate | |
22 | 0.24 | 乙酸己酯 hexyl acetate | |
34 | 0.30 | 丁酸己酯 hexyl butyrate | |
28 | 0.14 | 异丁酸己酯 hexyl isobutyrate | |
27 | 0.06 | hexyl propionate | |
51 | 0.19 | 己酯 hexyl tiglate | |
70 | trace | 丁烯醇 hotrienol | |
56 | 0.43 | alpha- | humulene |
55 | 0.55 | 拉维度洛 lavandulol | |
48 | 2.64 | 醋酸薰衣草 lavand andulyl | |
15 | 1.50 | 柠檬烯 limonene | |
44 | 19.59 | linalool | |
41 | 0.11 | (E)- | linalool oxide furanoid |
37 | 0.11 | (Z)- | linalool oxide furanoid |
64 | 0.25 | (Z)- | linalool oxide pyranoid |
45 | 18.58 | 乙酸芳樟酯 linalyl acetate | |
2 | 0.06 | 甲氧基己烷 methoxyhexane | |
12 | 1.24 | myrcene | |
66 | trace | 橙花醇 nerol | |
61 | 0.20 | 乙酸橙花酯 neryl acetate | |
20 | 4.22 | (E)-beta- | 罗勒烯 ocimene |
18 | 2.63 | (Z)-beta- | 罗勒烯 ocimene |
25 | trace | octanal | |
31 | trace | 3- | 辛基酚聚醚 octanol |
21 | 0.14 | 3- | octanone |
36 | 0.33 | 1- | 辛烯-3-醇 octen-3-ol |
30 | 0.49 | 1- | 乙酸辛基-3-基酯 octen-3-yl acetate |
26 | trace | 3- | 乙酸辛酯 octyl acetate |
13 | 0.07 | alpha- | 芹菜烯 phellandrene |
4 | 0.89 | alpha- | 松油萜、蒎烯 pinene |
8 | 0.87 | beta- | 松油萜、蒎烯 pinene |
9 | 0.38 | 桧烯 sabinene | |
40 | 0.24 | sabinene hydrate | |
47 | 0.67 | alpha- | santalene |
52 | trace | beta- | santalene |
49 | 1.23 | terpinen-4-ol | |
14 | 0.09 | alpha- | terpinene |
19 | 0.26 | gamma- | terpinene |
58 | 0.98 | alpha- | 松油醇 terpineol |
24 | 0.48 | terpinolene | |
5 | 0.07 | alpha- | 丁烯 thujene |
3 | 0.01 | tricyclene | |
53 | 0.13 | 5,5,6- | trimethyl bicyclo(2.2.1)heptan-2-one |
R. Naef A. F. 莫里斯 m Morris, Lavand ande-Lavand andin. Une 分析 analyse 比较 comparative.. r Rivista 斜体 Ital. EPPOS, (Numnero 特殊的 Speciale), 365-377 (1992). p&amp P&F 18, 2 No. 2, 43, (1993) | |||
小花柑桔油 petitgrain mandarin oil | |||
# | % | Leftshift | Components |
34 | 0.03 | (E)- | 茴香脑 anethole |
15 | trace | benzaldehyde | |
18 | 0.03 | (E)-beta- | 佛手柑 bergamotene |
28 | 0.03 | 牛儿烯、双环吉马烯 bicyclogermacrene | |
31 | 0.06 | gamma- | cadinene |
21 | 0.30 | beta- | 石竹烯 caryophyllene |
16 | 0.25 | 香茅醛 citronellal | |
30 | 0.06 | citronellol | |
23 | trace | 香茅基甲酸酯 citronellyl formate | |
14 | 0.02 | alpha- | 古巴烯、蒎烯 copaene |
37 | trace | para- | cymen-8-ol |
9 | 0.32 | para- | 异丙基甲苯、伞花烃 cymene |
19 | 1.28 | beta- | elemene |
24 | trace | 癸酸乙酯 ethyl decanoate | |
44 | 0.08 | 十七烷酸乙酯 ethyl heptadecanoate | |
36 | 0.06 | 月桂酸乙酯 ethyl laurate | |
47 | 0.60 | 亚油酸乙酯 ethyl linolenate | |
48 | 3.33 | 亚油酸乙酯 ethyl linolenate | |
41 | 0.06 | 肉豆蔻酸乙酯 ethyl myristate | |
12 | 0.04 | 辛酸乙酯 ethyl octanoate | |
43 | 3.36 | 棕榈酸乙酯 ethyl palmitate | |
33 | 0.06 | 醋酸乙苯酯 ethyl phenyl acetate | |
46 | 0.16 | 硬脂酸乙酯 ethyl stearate | |
29 | 0.07 | (E,E)-alpha- | farnesene |
25 | 0.02 | (E)-beta- | farnesene |
35 | 0.10 | 香叶醇 geraniol | |
11 | 0.20 | (Z)-3- | 己烯-1-醇 hexen-1-ol |
26 | trace | alpha- | humulene |
7 | 2.88 | 柠檬烯 limonene | |
17 | 24.80 | linalool | |
32 | trace | 水杨酸甲酯 methyl salicylate | |
4 | 2.00 | myrcene | |
39 | trace | myrtenol | |
40 | 0.02 | 橙花醇 nerolidol | |
8 | 4.16 | (Z)-beta- | 罗勒烯 ocimene |
5 | 0.01 | alpha- | 芹菜烯 phellandrene |
38 | 0.03 | 2- | 苯乙醇 phenethyl alcohol |
49 | 0.74 | 植醇 phytol | |
1 | 0.98 | alpha- | 松油萜、蒎烯 pinene |
2 | 0.62 | beta- | 松油萜、蒎烯 pinene |
3 | 27.20 | 桧烯 sabinene | |
13 | 2.54 | (E)- | sabinene hydrate |
45 | 0.48 | alpha- | sinensal |
42 | 1.60 | beta- | sinensal |
22 | trace | terpinen-1-ol | |
20 | 2.21 | terpinen-4-ol | |
6 | 0.26 | alpha- | terpinene |
27 | 1.28 | alpha- | 松油醇 terpineol |
10 | 0.32 | terpinolene | |
Z. Fleisher A. Fleisher, 芳香 Aromatic 植物 plants of the 圣 Holy 土地 Land and the 西奈 Sinai, Part iii III. 香橙 ma m Mand andarin 叶 leafoil (Citrus recticulata blanco Blanco). J. 本质 Essent, 油 Oil Res., 2, 331-334 (1990). p&amp P&F 18, 5 No. 5, 43, (1993) | |||
固体油树香叶叶古巴 petroselinum crispum leaf oil cuba | |||
in In 1997, 皮诺 Pino et al. analyLed a 香菜 parsley 叶 leafoil that was produced from 植物 plants grown in 古巴 Cuba. Using cc CC/ms m MS as the 方法 method of analysis theoil was 决心 determined to 包含 contain the 以下 following 成分 constituents: | |||
# | % | Leftshift | Components |
24 | 0.02 | alpha- | amorphene |
34 | 14.40 | 蜂胶 apiole | |
11 | 0.02 | 苯甲醇 benzyl alcohol | |
21 | 0.02 | (E)-beta- | 佛手柑 bergamotene |
32 | 1.42 | 胡萝卜素 carotol | |
19 | 0.24 | beta- | 石竹烯 caryophyllene |
14 | 0.03 | 香茅醛 citronellal | |
16 | 0.09 | para- | cymen-8-ol |
5 | 0.03 | para- | 异丙基甲苯、伞花烃 cymene |
9 | 0.28 | alpha-para- | dimethyl styrene |
18 | 0.61 | beta- | elemene |
20 | 0.21 | gamma- | elemene |
28 | 1.70 | elemicin elemicin | |
29 | 0.02 | 异 iso | elemicin elemicin |
30 | 0.02 | elemol | |
23 | 0.11 | (Z)-beta- | farnesene |
25 | 1.09 | germacrene D | |
33 | 0.28 | guaiol | |
22 | 0.03 | alpha- | humulene |
7 | 0.06 | 柠檬烯 limonene | |
12 | 3.90 | para- | mentha-1,3,8-triene |
13 | 0.05 | para- | mentha-1,4,8-triene |
15 | 0.03 | para- | 薄荷脑 menthatriene |
3 | 0.84 | myrcene | |
26 | 63.90 | 桃红霉素 myristicin | |
31 | 0.03 | 橙花醇 nerolidol | |
4 | 0.09 | alpha- | 芹菜烯 phellandrene |
6 | 1.60 | beta- | 芹菜烯 phellandrene |
27 | 1.04 | beta-sesqui | 芹菜烯 phellandrene |
1 | 0.03 | alpha- | 松油萜、蒎烯 pinene |
2 | 0.01 | beta- | 松油萜、蒎烯 pinene |
8 | 0.03 | gamma- | terpinene |
10 | 0.72 | terpinolene | |
17 | 0.02 | thymol | |
J. A. 皮诺 Pino, A. Rosado V. Fuentes, 草本植物 Herboil of 香菜 parsley (Petroselinum crispum 磨 m Mill.) from 古巴 Cuba. J. 本质 Essent. 油 Oil Res., 9, 241-242 (1997). p&amp P&F 26, 2 No. 2, 22, (2001) | |||
玫瑰 roseoil otto 保加利亚 bulgaria | |||
# | % | Leftshift | Components |
2 | 0.02 | 戊醇 amyl alcohol | |
1 | 0.01 | 异 iso | 戊醇 amyl alcohol |
44 | 0.10 | 苯甲酸苄酯 benzyl benzoate | |
35 | 0.17 | beta- | 佛手柑 bergamotene |
31 | 0.77 | beta- | 石竹烯 caryophyllene |
20 | 38.22 | citronellol | |
25 | 0.45 | 醋酸香茅酯 citronellyl acetate | |
23 | 0.13 | 香茅基甲酸酯 citronellyl formate | |
11 | 0.09 | para- | 异丙基甲苯、伞花烃 cymene |
30 | 0.08 | beta- | elemene |
38 | 0.07 | eudesmol | |
26 | 0.82 | eugenol | |
28 | 0.20 | beta- | farnesene |
42 | 1.98 | (E,E)- | 法尼醇 farnesol |
40 | 0.21 | (Z,Z)- | 法尼醇 farnesol |
22 | 14.41 | 香叶醇 geraniol | |
27 | 0.74 | 乙酸香叶酯 geranyl acetate | |
24 | 0.06 | 香叶酸香叶酯 geranyl formate | |
32 | 0.50 | alpha- | 愈创木烯 guaiene |
41 | 0.19 | heptadecane | |
6 | 0.09 | heptanal | |
3 | 0.03 | hexanal | |
5 | 0.26 | hexanol | |
4 | 0.01 | (Z)-3- | 己烯-1-醇 hexen-1-ol |
33 | 0.37 | alpha- | humulene |
12 | 0.13 | 柠檬烯 limonene | |
13 | 3.14 | linalool | |
29 | 1.71 | 甲基异丁香酚 methyl isoeugenol | |
9 | 0.50 | 6- | 甲基-5-庚-2-酮 methyl-5-hepten-2-one |
37 | 0.08 | alpha- | 茂烯 muurolene |
39 | 0.17 | nardostachyol | |
21 | 0.05 | 橙花醇 nerol | |
8 | 0.06 | 3- | 辛基酚聚醚 octanol |
36 | 0.70 | 十五烷 pentadecane | |
17 | 0.05 | 紫苏醇 perillyl alcohol | |
16 | 0.13 | 2- | 苯乙醇 phenethyl alcohol |
7 | 0.38 | alpha- | 松油萜、蒎烯 pinene |
43 | 1.12 | 7-iso -iso | propyl-1,8-dimethyl naphthalenone |
15 | 1.39 | (E)- | 氧化玫瑰 rose oxide |
14 | 0.32 | (Z)- | 氧化玫瑰 rose oxide |
10 | 0.18 | 桧烯 sabinene | |
34 | 0.53 | beta- | selinene |
18 | 0.41 | terpinen-4-ol | |
19 | 0.94 | alpha- | 松油醇 terpineol |
X-Y. ma m Ma, H-P. pan Pan, F-X. hao Zhao, H-Q. li Li x-z X-Z. chen Chen, 化学的 Chemical 成分 constituents in essential oils from 移植的 transplanted 玫瑰花 玫瑰 roses of 欧洲 European 起源 origin. Fenxi Cheshi 学宝 Xuebao., 12(5), 1-6 (1993). p&amp P&F 22, 3 No. 3, 57, (1997) |