5,5-二丁基二氢呋喃-2(3h)-一 5-dibutyl dihydrofuran-2(3H)-one
4,4-dibutyl-gamma-butyrolactone

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  • BOC Sciences
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    7774-47-2 5,5-二丁基二氢呋喃-2(3h)-一 5-dibutyl dihydrofuran-2(3H)-one
  • CSA
    知识交流 Exchange of knowledge
    需要这个物品来调味吗?您可以联系化学来源协会。 Need This Item for Flavor? You can contact the Chemical Sources Association.
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    产品 Product(s):
Name:5,5-dibutyloxolan-2-one
CAS号 CAS Number: 7774-47-2Picture of molecule3D/INCHI
ECHA EINECS - REACH 预注册 Pre-Reg:231-875-9
FDA UNII:I7JV550U9G
nikkaji网站 Nikkaji Web:J326.553F
代号 CoE Number:2231
XlogP3-AA:3.70(est) 3.70 (est)
分子量 Molecular Weight:198.30574000
式 Formula:c12 h22 o2 C12 H22 O2
核磁共振预测器 NMR Predictor:预测(适用于Chrome或Firefox) Predict (works with chrome or firefox)
efsa / jecfa评论 EFSA/JECFA Comments:
删除的coe Deleted CoE: COE专家委员会没有有关食品中实际使用和/或缺乏足够技术和/或毒理学信息的信息(COE the CoE Committee of Experts had no information as to the real use in foodstuffs and/or for which insufficient technological and/or toxicological information was available (CoE, 1992).
类别 Category:flavoring agents
 
美国 US/欧盟 EU/ fda / jecfa / fema / Flavis / 文献 Scholar /专利 Patent :
谷歌学术 Google Scholar:搜索 Search
谷歌书 Google Books:搜索 Search
谷歌学术 Google Scholar: with word "volatile"搜索 Search
谷歌学术 Google Scholar: with word "flavor"搜索 Search
谷歌学术 Google Scholar: with word "odor"搜索 Search
调香师和调味师 Perfumer and Flavorist:搜索 Search
谷歌专利 Google Patents:搜索 Search
美国专利 US Patents:搜索 Search
欧盟专利 EU Patents:搜索 Search
pubchem专利 Pubchem Patents:搜索 Search
jecfa食品调味料 JECFA Food Flavoring:227 4,4-dibutyl-gamma-butyrolactone
Flavis号码 FLAVIS Number:10.018(旧) 10.018 (Old)
dg sante食品调味料 DG SANTE Food Flavourings:10.018 4-丁基辛基-1 10.018 4-butyloctano-1,4-内酯 4-lactone
fema号 FEMA Number:2372 4,4-dibutyl-gamma-butyrolactone
自由贸易区 FDA:不再提供这七种合成调味剂的使用 No longer provide for the use of these seven synthetic flavoring substances
fda mainterm(satf) FDA Mainterm (SATF):7774-47-2 ; 4,4-二丁基-γ-丁内酯 4-DIBUTYL-GAMMA-BUTYROLACTONE
自由贸易区法规 FDA Regulation:
自由贸易区 FDA PART 172 -- FOOD 添加剂 ADDITIVES 允许的 PERMITTED 对于 FOR 直接 DIRec ECT 加成 ADDITION TO FOOD 对于 FOR 的 HUMAN CONSUMPTION
Subpart f--调味 F--调味料 味道 Flavoring 代理商 Agents and 有关 Related Substances
Sec. 172.515 合成的 Synthetic flavoring 物质 substances and adjuvants.
 
物理性质 Physical Properties:
出现 Appearance:无色透明油状液体(est) colorless clear oily liquid (est)
化验 Assay: 96.00至100.00 96.00 to 100.00
食品化学品法典列表 Food Chemicals Codex Listed: No
沸点 Boiling Point: 279.00 to 280.00 °C. @ 760.00 mm 汞 Hg
蒸汽压力 Vapor Pressure:0.004000 毫米汞柱 mm汞 Hg @ 25.00 °C. (est)
闪点 Flash Point: 235.00 °F. tcc TCC ( 112.78 °C. )
logp(o / w) logP (o/w): 3.460
溶于 Soluble in:
 alcohol
 水 water, 25.c(估计值)44.73 mg / l 44.73 mg/L @ 25 °C (est)
不溶于 Insoluble in:
 水 water
 
感官特性 Organoleptic Properties:
气味类型 Odor Type: coconut
气味强度 Odor Strength:介质 medium
oily coconut buttery
气味描述 Odor Description:at 100.00 %. oily coconut butter
风味类型 Flavor Type: creamy
creamy coconut
口味描述 Taste Description: 奶油椰子 creamy coconut
来自其他 的气味和/或风味描述(如果找到)。 Odor and/or flavor descriptions from others (if found).
 
化妆品信息 Cosmetic Information:
CosIng:化妆品数据 cosmetic data
化妆品用途 Cosmetic Uses: 加香剂 perfuming agents
 
供应商 Suppliers:
BOC Sciences
仅供实验/研究使用。 For experimental / research use only.
5,5-二丁基二氢呋喃-2(3h)-一 5-dibutyl dihydrofuran-2(3H)-one
Parchem Parchem
5,5-二丁基二氢呋喃-2(3h)-一 5-dibutyl dihydrofuran-2(3H)-one
化学资源协会 Chemical sources Association Inc
需要这个物品来调味/食用吗? Need This Item for Flavor/Food?: 您 You can contact the 化学资源协会 Chemical sources Association Inc
 
安全信息 Safety Information:
 
危害识别 Hazards identification
 
物质或混合物的分类 Classification of the substance or mixture
根据29 cfr 1910(osha hcs)进行ghs分类 GHS Classification in accordance with 29 CFR 1910 (OSHA HCS)
没有找到。 None found.
ghs标签元素 GHS Label elements, 包括预防性声明 including precautionary statements
 
象形图 Pictogram
 
危险说明 Hazard statement(s)
没有找到。 None found.
防范说明 Precautionary statement(s)
没有找到。 None found.
口服/肠胃外毒性 Oral/Parenteral Toxicity:
未定 Not determined
皮肤毒性 Dermal Toxicity:
未定 Not determined
吸入毒性 Inhalation Toxicity:
未定 Not determined
 
使用安全信息 Safety in Use Information:
类别 Category: flavoring agents
推荐5 Recommendation for 5,5-二丁基二氢呋喃-2(3h)-一种用量最高为 5-dibutyl dihydrofuran-2(3H)-one usage levels up to:
 不用于香水。 not for fragrance use.
 
最大化源自调查的每日摄入量(msdi-eu) Maximised Survey-derived Daily Intakes (MSDI-EU): 0.12(微克/ 均/天) 0.12 (μg/capita/day)
采用 Use 等级 levels for FEMA GRAS flavoring 物质 substances on 哪一个 which the FEMA 专家 Expert 面板 Panel 基于 based its its 判断 judgments that the 物质 substances are 通常 generally 公认的 recognized as safe (GRAS).
The 专家 Expert 面板 Panel also 发表 publishes 分离 separate 广泛 extensive 评论 reviews of scientific information on all FEMA GRAS flavoring 物质 substances and can be 发现 found at FEMA 味道 Flavor Ingredient 图书馆 Library
出版编号 publication number: 3
单击此处查看出版物3 Click here to view publication 3
 平均 average 通常 usual 百万分之几 ppm平均 average 最大 maximum 百万分之几 ppm
焙烤食品 baked goods: -15.00000
饮料(不含醇) beverages(nonalcoholic): --
醇饮料 beverages(alcoholic): --
早餐麦片 breakfast cereal: --
起司 cheese: --
口香糖 chewing gum: --
调味品/调味品 condiments / relishes: --
糖果烧烤 confectionery froastings: --
蛋制品 egg products: --
脂肪/油 fats / oils: --
鱼产品 fish products: --
冷冻乳制品 frozen dairy: 2.800003.50000
水果冰 fruit ices: 2.800003.50000
明胶/布丁 gelatins / puddings: --
砂糖 granulated sugar: --
肉汁 gravies: --
硬糖 hard candy: 4.4000015.00000
仿乳制品 imitation dairy: --
速溶咖啡/茶 instant coffee / tea: --
果酱/果冻 jams / jellies: --
肉制品 meat products: --
奶制品 milk products: --
坚果产品 nut products: --
其他谷物 other grains: --
家禽 poultry: --
加工水果 processed fruits: --
加工蔬菜 processed vegetables: --
重构蔬菜 reconstituted vegetables: --
调味料 seasonings / flavors: --
休闲食品 snack foods: --
软糖 soft candy: --
汤类 soups: --
糖替代品 sugar substitutes: --
甜酱 sweet sauces: --
 
安全参考 Safety references:
欧洲食品安全法规(efsa) European Food Safety Athority(efsa):风味使用水平;亚急性 Flavor usage levels; Subacute, 亚慢性 Subchronic, 慢性和致癌性研究;发育/ 毒性研究;遗传毒性研究... Chronic and Carcinogenicity Studies; Developmental / Reproductive Toxicity Studies; Genotoxicity Studies...

欧洲食品安全局(efsa EFSA)参考 :

食品添加剂科学小组的意见 Opinion of the Scientific Panel on Food Additives, 调味料 seasonings / flavors, 与调味料评估委员会有关的要求,与食品(afc AFC)接触的加工助剂和材料10 : 脂族伯和仲饱和和不饱和醇 Aliphatic primary and secondary saturated and unsaturated alcohols, 醛类 aldehydes, acetals, 含有额外的氧化官能团的羧酸和酯以及化学基团的内酯9 carboxylic acids and esters containing an additional oxygenated functional group and lactones from chemical groups 9, 13 and 30 - (佣金 Commission 规 Regulation (e (EC) No 1565/2000 of 18 July 2000)
视图 View page or 视图 View pdf

调味组评估10 Flavouring Group Evaluation 10, 版本1(fge10 rev1)[1]-脂肪族伯和仲饱和和不饱和醇 Revision 1 (FGE10 Rev1)[1] - Aliphatic primary and secondary saturated and unsaturated alcohols, 醛类 aldehydes, acetals, 含有额外的氧化官能团的羧酸和酯以及化学基团的内酯9 carboxylic acids and esters containing an additional oxygenated functional group and lactones from chemical groups 9, 13和30-食品添加剂小组的科学见解 13 and 30 - Scientific Opinion of the Panel on Food Additives, 调味料 seasonings / flavors, 处理中 Processing 艾滋病 Aids and 材料 Materials in 联系 Contact with Food (afc AFC)
视图 View page or 视图 View pdf

调味品组评价的科学见解10 Scientific Opinion on Flavouring Group Evaluation 10, 版本2(fge.10rev2) Revision 2 (FGE.10Rev2): 脂族伯和仲饱和和不饱和醇 Aliphatic primary and secondary saturated and unsaturated alcohols, 醛类 aldehydes, acetals, 含有额外的氧化官能团的羧酸和酯以及化学基团的内酯9 carboxylic acids and esters containing an additional oxygenated functional group and lactones from chemical groups 9, 13 and 30
视图 View page or 视图 View pdf

Epi系统 EPI System: 视图 View
EPA物质注册服务(tsca TSCA) :7774-47-2
EPA ACToR:毒理学资料 Toxicology Data
EPA物质注册服务(SRS) :注册表 Registry
实验室化学安全摘要 Laboratory Chemical Safety Summary :10608036
国家过敏和传染病研究所 National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases:Data
5,5-dibutyloxolan-2-one
chemidplus Chemidplus:0007774472
 
参考资料 References:
 5,5-dibutyloxolan-2-one
NIST化学网络书籍 NIST Chemistry WebBook: 搜索INCHI
加拿大国内分公司。清单 Canada Domestic Sub. List:7774-47-2
pubchem(cid) Pubchem (cid):10608036
pubchem(sid) Pubchem (sid):135264728
 
其他资料 Other Information:
(iupac) (IUPAC):元素的原子量2009 Atomic Weights of the Elements 2009
(iupac) (IUPAC):元素的原子量2009(pdf) Atomic Weights of the Elements 2009 (pdf)
影片 Videos:元素周期表 The Periodic Table of Videos
RBC :本网站使用的原子量 Atomic Weights use for this web site
(iupac) (IUPAC):元素周期表 Periodic Table of the Elements
食品中添加的fda物质(以前为af) FDA Substances Added to Food (formerly EAFUS):视图 View
hmdb(人类代谢组数据库) HMDB (The Human Metabolome Database):HMDB36182
食物 FooDB:FDB015036
出口关税代码 Export Tariff Code:2932.29.6000
化学蜘蛛 ChemSpider:视图 View
efsa EFSA更新监测食品中呋喃水平的结果 :阅读报告 Read Report
efsa EFSA以前的报告 : 食品中呋喃水平监测的结果 Results on the monitoring of furan levels in food:阅读报告 Read Report
欧洲反腐败委员会关于食品中呋喃的临时调查结果的efsa EFSA报告 :阅读报告 Read Report
 
潜在搅拌机 Potential Blenders and core 组件 components note
气味 For Odor
找不到这些气味组 No odor group found for these
异 iso
propyl myristate
CS
酸性的 acidic
酸性的 acidic
异 iso
butyric acid
FL/FR
醛 aldehydic
nonanal (aldehyde C-9)
FL/FR
animal
闭鞘姜/云木香 costus valerolactone
FR
香醋 balsamic
肉桂基 cinn戊基 amyl benzoate
FL/FR
面包 bready
咖啡 coffee furanone
FL/FR
buttery
acetoin
FL/FR
acetyl butyryl
FL/FR
acetyl isobutyryl
FL/FR
acetyl propionyl
FL/FR
butyl butyryl lactate
FL/FR
butyl octanoate
FL/FR
2,3-
heptane dione
FL/FR
3,4-
hexane dione
FL/FR
焦糖色 caramellic
α alpha,α alpha-
dimethyl anisyl acetone
FL/FR
俗气的 cheesy
butyric acid
FL/FR
2-
heptanone
FL/FR
2-
methyl hexanoic acid
FL/FR
coconut
α alpha-
angelica lactone
FL/FR
coconut decanone methyl
FR
coconut naphthalenone
FL/FR
delta-
decalactone
FL/FR
delta-2-
dodecenolactone
FL/FR
gamma-
heptalactone
FL/FR
delta-
heptalactone
FL/FR
delta-
壬内酯 nonalactone
FL/FR
gamma-
壬内酯 nonalactone (aldehyde C-18 )
FL/FR
delta-
octalactone
FL/FR
gamma-
octalactone
FL/FR
propyl octanoate
FL/FR
tetrahydrojasmone
FR
delta-
undecalactone
FL/FR
葡萄酒 wine lactone
FL/FR
咖啡 coffee
furfuryl mercaptan
FL/FR
香豆素 coumarinic
epsilon-
decalactone
FL/FR
phthalide
FL/FR
creamy
butyl lactate
FL/FR
gamma-
butyrolactone
FL/FR
creamy lactone
FL/FR
delta-
tridecalactone
FL/FR
蜡状的 waxy lactone
FL/FR
脂肪的 fatty
butyl stearate
FL/FR
butyl undecylenate
FL/FR
coconut absolute
FL/FR
7-
decen-4-olide
FL/FR
紫苏 perilla 种子 seed oil
FL/FR
(e (E,Z,Z)-2,4,7-
tridecatrienal
FL/FR
花的 floral
benzyl lactate
FL/FR
二氢茉莉酮 dihydrojasmone lactone
FL/FR
heliotropin
FL/FR
hexenyl cyclopentanone
FR
茉莉 jasmin lactone (IFF)
FL/FR
茉莉 jasmin pyranone
FL/FR
芳樟基 linalyl butyrate
FL/FR
octanal / methyl 邻氨基苯甲酸 anthranilate schiff's base
FR
2-
pentyl cyclopentanone
FR
果味的 fruity
acetoin acetate
FL/FR
戊基 amyl heptanoate
FL/FR
异 iso
戊基 amyl octanoate
FL/FR
gamma-
decalactone
FL/FR
ethyl lactate
FL/FR
4-
hydroxybenzyl alcohol
FL/FR
methyl (Z)-5-octenoate
FL/FR
octyl octanoate
FL/FR
prenyl isobutyrate
FL/FR
异 iso
propyl octanoate
FL/FR
gamma-
undecalactone (aldehyde C-14 )
FL/FR
绿 green
butyl heptanoate
FL/FR
α alpha-
decalactone
FL/FR
3-
hepten-2-one
FL/FR
(Z)-4-
heptenal
FL/FR
2-
heptyl furan
FL/FR
(Z)-3-
hexen-1-yl butyrate
FL/FR
(Z)-3-
hexen-1-yl pyruvate
FL/FR
neryl butyrate
FL/FR
octanal diethyl acetal
FL/FR
herbal
delta-
hexalactone
FL/FR
lactonic
茉莉 jasminone
FL/FR
蘑菇 mushroom
1-
octen-3-yl butyrate
FL/FR
麝香 musk
异 iso
ambrettolide
FL/FR
坚果 nutty
2-
ethyl pyrazine
FL/FR
oily
butter acids acids
FL/FR
爆米花 popcorn
2-
acetyl pyridine
FL/FR
肥皂的 soapy
ethyl undecanoate
FL/FR
辣的 spicy
methyl heptadienone
FL/FR
通卡 tonka
6-
戊基 amyl-α alpha-pyrone
FL/FR
(±)-
dihydro薄荷 mint lactone
FL/FR
gamma-
hexalactone
FL/FR
7-
methyl coumarin
CS
薄荷 mint lactone
FL/FR
octahydrocoumarin
FL/FR
威士忌酒 whiskey lactone
FL/FR
热带 tropical
delta-
dodecalactone
FL/FR
glyceryl 5-hydroxydecanoate
FL/FR
glyceryl 5-hydroxydodecanoate
FL/FR
蜡状的 waxy
decanal diethyl acetal
FL/FR
1-
dodecanol
FL/FR
2-
methyl heptanoic acid
FL/FR
methyl laurate
FL/FR
tetradecanal
FL/FR
2-
tridecanone
FL/FR
undecanoic acid
FL/FR
用于调味 For Flavor
找不到适合这些的口味组 No flavor group found for these
benzyl lactate
FL/FR
butyl octanoate
FL/FR
butyl stearate
FL/FR
肉桂基 cinn戊基 amyl benzoate
FL/FR
coconut naphthalenone
FL/FR
α alpha-
decalactone
FL/FR
7-
decen-4-olide
FL/FR
6-
decenoic acid
FL
α alpha,α alpha-
dimethyl anisyl acetone
FL/FR
dimethyl benzofuranone
FL
(E)-2-
dodecen-1-ol
FL
delta-2-
dodecenolactone
FL/FR
茉莉 jasmin lactone (IFF)
FL/FR
massoia 皮 bark oil
FL
3-(
methyl thio) hexanal
FL
4-
octen-3-one
FL
3-
octenoic acid
FL
octyl octanoate
FL/FR
紫苏 perilla 种子 seed oil
FL/FR
prenyl isobutyrate
FL/FR
propyl octanoate
FL/FR
sodium 4-methyl-2-oxovalerate
FL
(R)-
通卡 tonka furanone
FL
葡萄酒 wine lactone
FL/FR
酸性的 acidic
酸性的 acidic
异 iso
butyric acid
FL/FR
醛 aldehydic
nonanal (aldehyde C-9)
FL/FR
胶质的 alliaceous
3-
tetrahydrothiophenone
FL
苦 bitter
(e (E,Z,Z)-2,4,7-
tridecatrienal
FL/FR
buttery
butyroin
FL
diacetyl
FL
2,3-
heptane dione
FL/FR
3,4-
hexane dione
FL/FR
(E)-2-
pentenoic acid
FL
焦糖色 caramellic
3-
methyl butyl 2-furyl butyrate
FL
芹菜 celery
茉莉 jasminone
FL/FR
俗气的 cheesy
2-
heptanone
FL/FR
樱桃 cherry
heliotropin
FL/FR
coconut
coconut distillates
FL
coconut flavor
FL
cocos 核仁 nucifera 果 fruit extract
FL
delta-
decalactone
FL/FR
massoia 皮 bark oil CO2 extract
FL
(R)-
massoia lactone
FL
6-
methyl coumarin
FL
gamma-
壬内酯 nonalactone (aldehyde C-18 )
FL/FR
octahydrocoumarin
FL/FR
delta-
octalactone
FL/FR
咖啡 coffee
furfuryl mercaptan
FL/FR
玉米 corn
2-
acetyl pyridine
FL/FR
香豆素 coumarinic
phthalide
FL/FR
creamy
acetoin
FL/FR
acetyl butyryl
FL/FR
acetyl isobutyryl
FL/FR
6-
戊基 amyl-α alpha-pyrone
FL/FR
α alpha-
angelica lactone
FL/FR
butyl butyryl lactate
FL/FR
creamy lactone
FL/FR
dihydrocoumarin
FL
delta-
dodecalactone
FL/FR
glyceryl 5-hydroxydecanoate
FL/FR
glyceryl 5-hydroxydodecanoate
FL/FR
3-
hepten-2-one
FL/FR
gamma-
hexalactone
FL/FR
delta-
hexalactone
FL/FR
茉莉 jasmin pyranone
FL/FR
massoia lactone
FL
薄荷 mint lactone
FL/FR
delta-
壬内酯 nonalactone
FL/FR
delta-
tridecalactone
FL/FR
delta-
undecalactone
FL/FR
gamma-
undecalactone (aldehyde C-14 )
FL/FR
蜡状的 waxy lactone
FL/FR
乳业 dairy
butyl lactate
FL/FR
methyl (Z)-5-octenoate
FL/FR
脂肪的 fatty
butter acids acids
FL/FR
coconut absolute
FL/FR
diacetyl trimer
FL
2-
heptyl furan
FL/FR
tetradecanal
FL/FR
2-
tridecanone
FL/FR
(e (E,e)-2 E)-2,4-
undecadienal
FL
花的 floral
芳樟基 linalyl butyrate
FL/FR
果味的 fruity
acetoin acetate
FL/FR
acetyl isovaleryl
FL
戊基 amyl heptanoate
FL/FR
异 iso
戊基 amyl octanoate
FL/FR
香蕉 banana coconut cream flavor
FL
butyl heptanoate
FL/FR
gamma-
decalactone
FL/FR
ethyl lactate
FL/FR
4-
hydroxybenzyl alcohol
FL/FR
异 iso
propyl octanoate
FL/FR
绿 green
(Z)-4-
heptenal
FL/FR
(Z)-3-
hexen-1-yl butyrate
FL/FR
(Z)-3-
hexen-1-yl pyruvate
FL/FR
methyl heptadienone
FL/FR
neryl butyrate
FL/FR
octanal diethyl acetal
FL/FR
lactonic
(±)-
dihydro薄荷 mint lactone
FL/FR
gamma-
heptalactone
FL/FR
delta-
heptalactone
FL/FR
gamma-
octalactone
FL/FR
乳白 milky
gamma-
butyrolactone
FL/FR
蘑菇 mushroom
1-
octen-3-yl butyrate
FL/FR
麝香 musk
异 iso
ambrettolide
FL/FR
坚果 nutty
咖啡 coffee furanone
FL/FR
2-
ethyl pyrazine
FL/FR
oily
2-
methyl hexanoic acid
FL/FR
肥皂的 soapy
1-
dodecanol
FL/FR
sour
butyric acid
FL/FR
烤 toasted
acetyl propionyl
FL/FR
热带 tropical
coconut 酸橙 lime 马鞭草 verbena flavor
FL
皮纳 pina 科拉达 colada flavor
FL
蜡状的 waxy
butyl undecylenate
FL/FR
epsilon-
decalactone
FL/FR
decanal diethyl acetal
FL/FR
二氢茉莉酮 dihydrojasmone lactone
FL/FR
ethyl undecanoate
FL/FR
2-
methyl heptanoic acid
FL/FR
methyl laurate
FL/FR
undecanoic acid
FL/FR
木本 woody
威士忌酒 whiskey lactone
FL/FR
 
潜在用途 Potential Uses:
FRbay rum
FLbutter
FLcoconut
FL皮纳 pina 科拉达 colada
FL热带 tropical
 
存在(自然 Occurrence (nature, food, 其他) other):note
 自然界中找不到 not found in nature
 
同义词 Synonyms:
4-butyl-4-hydroxyoctanoic acid lactone
4-butyloctano-1,4-内酯 4-lactone
 dibutyl butyrolactone
5,5-dibutyl dihydrofuran-2(3H)-one
 dibutyl dihydrofuranone
4,4-dibutyl-4-hydroxybutyric acid gamma-lactone
4,4-dibutyl-gamma-butyrolactone
 dibutylbutyrolactone
5,5-dibutyldihydro-2(3H)-呋喃酮 -furanone
5,5-dibutyldihydrofuran-2(3H)-one
5,5-dibutyloxolan-2-one
2(3H)-furanone, 5,5-二丁基二氢- 5-dibutyldihydro-
 

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笔记 Notes:
调味成分 Flavouring ingredient
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